Mortality percentage of Sri Lankan Leopards (Pantera pardus kotiya)

leopard, mortality, sri lankan, леопард, смертность, Шри-Ланк

Anthelmintic efficacy of Albendazole and Levamisole against gastrointestinal parasites in Sri Lanakan elephants at Udawalawe, Sri Lanka

elephants, parasites, gastrointestinal parasites, antihelminthic drug, albendazole, levamisole, sri lanka, слоны, паразиты, гельминты, желудочно-кишечный тракт(жкт), противоглистные препараты, альбендазол, левамизол, Шри-Ланк

Green manuring for tropical organic cropping -A comparative analysis

Abstrac

Fatality percentages of Sri Lankan leopards (Panthera pardus kotiya) killed in human activities in Sri Lanka

леопард, смертность, причины, самки, самцы, деятельность людей, среда обитания, агрокультура, Шри ЛанкаПриведены данные по наблюдению за жизнью диких леопардов для уточнения наиболее распространенных причин их гибели. Рассматривались и оценивались случаи гибели леопардов в течение 2010-2016 годов, показывающие, что основной и наиболее частой причиной гибели леопардов явился человеческий фактор. Среди всех половозрастных групп наблюдалась эта же тенденция, то есть человеческий фактор также являлся основной причиной гибели животных. Этот процент гибели может быть снижен за счет понимания особенностей жизни и обитания леопардов. В дополнение к этому необходимо применять меры по защите окружающей среды, особенно в тех местах, где сосредоточенa большая популяция этих животных, необходимо контролировать развитие сельского хозяйства в данных областях, привлекать внимание людей к данной проблеме за счет информации в виде вывесок, ограничивать скорость движения транспорта, чтобы снизить процент гибели животных

Large schwannoma in the ulnar nerve in axilla - A case report

Introduction: Schwannomas are nerve sheath tumours which majority is benign. Only one case of solitary schwannoma in the ulnar branch of brachial plexus in the axilla is so far reported. Some are asymptomatic while others having pain and neurological disability. For diagnosis, imaging studies such as ultrasonography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, electromyography and aid of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry are used. Non-surgical treatment is appropriate for slow growing and asymptomatic tumours. Surgical treatment is aimed to prevent progressive neurological deficit. Damage to the parent nerve is a known complication.Case report: A 44 year old female was investigated for a lump in her left axilla. Ultrasonography showed well defined hypoechoic solid mass, suspicious of an enlarged lymph node in the axilla with normal breasts. Tru-cut biopsy was compatible with histological appearance of schwannoma. A large (7.0x5.5x4.0cm3) well circumcised white mass of tissue arising at the origin of ulnar nerve deep in the left axilla was enucleated. Histologically lesion was compatible with a schwannoma with an intact capsule. Diffusely positive S-100 protein was demonstrated immunohistochemically and malignancy excluded. Post-operatively patient had ulnar nerve palsy confirmed by nerve conduction studies. Hand physiotherapy was offered and nerve function gradually improved.Discussion: Benign schwannoma of the ulnar nerve is not a common condition encountered in general clinical practice, hence delay in diagnosis is of concern. MRI and histology is needed to diagnose schwannoma accurately and to exclude malignancy. Treatment is complete excision while preserving nerve function preferably under intra-operative electrophysiological guidance.

Anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole and levamisole against gastrointestinal parasites in sri lanakan elephants at udawalawe, Sri Lanka

альбендазол, левамизол, комплексное лечение, стронгилята, фасциолы, паразитозы, слоны, Шри ЛанкаПроведено сравнение антигельминтной эффективности препаратов «Альбендазол» и «Левомизол» при желудочно-кишечных паразитозах слонов Шри-Ланки. Первый тест проводился с использованием только альбендазола, второй тест – комплексное использование препаратов. Слоны, находящиеся в эксперименте, были инвазированы фасциолами и стронгилятами. Было установлено, что комплексное лечение наиболее эффективно против желудочно-кишечных гельминтов слонов

Development and validation of a reference marker for identification of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria associated with diabetes chronic wound ulcers using PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Introduction: Diabetes chronic wounds consist with a diverse microbial community and unculturablespecies may be highly prevalent.Objectives: This study aimed to establish a bacterial reference marker consisting of a group ofchronic wound related bacteria, using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gelelectrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) for profiling of bacteria in diabetes chronic wound infections.Methods: DNA was extracted from the known wound bacterial strains. PCR–DGGE was performedusing eubacterial specific primers targeting V2-V3 region of 16S rDNA. DGGE was performed usinga 30-55% denaturing gradient. Migration position of each organism was detected on DGGE gel andimportant organisms were selected. Equal volume from PCR products of each selected organism wasmixed, diluted with gel loading dye in 1:1.5 ratio and used for all DGGE gels. The ladder was thensubjected to species identification of fifteen tissue debridement specimens obtained from diabeteschronic wound ulcers. The identification efficacy was tested by sequencing.Results: DNA of bacterial pathogens which showed different migration distances on the gel werecombined and used as a reference panel. This bacterial ladder consisted of eleven different bacterialspecies including Bacteroides sp., S. aureus, Acineto bacter sp., P. aeruginosa, Streptococcus Group Aand Group B sp., E. faecalis, Providencia sp., Veillonella sp., E .coli and Enterobacter sp. Accordingto the reference panel, Pseudomonas species were abundant. Further the results were confirmed bysequencing.Conclusion: Reference marker allows comparative analysis of DGGE patterns and can be used as atool for presumptive identification of polymicrobial microbiota in chronic wound infections

Human stomach microbiota: Effects on health and disease

The gut microbiota is a complex ecological community, consisting of trillions of microbes which include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The stomach was previously considered as a sterile site uninhabited by microbes due to its hostile environmental conditions. Breaking this concept, Helicobacter pylori was the first pathogen reported to inhabit the stomach. Recent studies have suggested that the stomach harbours transient as well as certain commensal bacterial and fungal species. The five major microbial phyla in the stomach have been identified as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria. The composition of gastric microbiota is dynamic and is affected by several factors.  These include age group, dietary habits, medication use, inflammation of gastric mucosa and H. pylori colonization.  Further, the role of host genetics has recently been studied in maintaining the stomach microbiota. Mutations in host genes may affect the host’s immune response towards commensal bacteria and reduce their number and diversity. The essential multiple roles of gut microorganisms include maintaining homeostasis in the gut, contributing to immune function and extraction of nutrients and energy from our diets.  Loss of the normal balance between the gut microbiota and host has been associated with several abnormal conditions and disorders such as obesity, malnutrition, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), neurological disorders, and cancer. In the stomach, the interaction between H. pylori and the gastric microbiota can also influence gastric dis­ease progression. Further studies should focus on addressing the role of gastric dysbiosis in health and disease. Identifying gastric microbiota is essential to understand how the gut microbiota and H. pylori affect health and disease.</p

Influence of culture medium on in-vitro biofilm formation by Candida species

Objectives: Objective of this study was to establish an in vitro biofilm on the 96 well plates and to determine the efficacy of three different culture media on biofilm formation of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis Methods: A 96 well sterile, polystyrene plate was inoculated using 10^6 cell/ml of C. albicans and C. tropicalis suspensions and the growth rate of planktonic cells was determined by measuring the absorbance (OD492) at 2 hour intervals. Adhesion of Candidial cells to initiate the biofilm formation in the presence of three culture media (Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) supplemented with 100 mM glucose, Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) and RPMI1640) was quantified using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and Crystal Violet (CV) assay after 90 minutes. Biofilms of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and 1:1 co-biofilms were developed and the growth rates were quantified at 24 hours’ time intervals. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed to assess the architecture. Results: Planktonic cells of both C. albicans and C. tropicalis showed maximum growth with SDB. C. albicans and co-biofilm adhesion were significantly facilitated with RPMI1640 and the best medium for C. tropicalis adhesion was YNB. Biofilms showed the maximum growth rate in RPMI 1640. C. tropicalis exhibited the minimum growth with all three culture media.Conclusions: The maximum growth rate for planktonic C. albicans and C. tropicalis was achieved with SDB. However RPMI 1640 was the best medium for growth of biofilms