Biodiversity of Sri Lanka Present Status and Future Needs

Even though Sri Lanka is a small island, its biodiversity is significantly important, both in a regional and global scale. Sri Lanka has the highest species density (number of species present per 10,000 km2) of flowering plants, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in the Asian region. Furthermore, the wetzone of Sri Lanka along with Western Ghats of India is declared as one of the 34 “biodiversity hotspots” of the world. Even though Sri Lanka’s biodiversity is thought to be very high, at present, only a small fraction of Sri Lanka’s biodiversity is known to science. For instance, higher plants and vertebrates are the only groups that have been studied in sufficient detail to date. Lower plants and invertebrates are largely neglected except for few selected groups such as butterflies, dragonflies, land snails, and algae. However, vertebrates make up only about 2% of all the species described to date while insects alone make up about 54%. Even the vertebrates and for that matter higher plants are not completely listed as during the last two decade alone large number of new species of vertebrates have been described. There is no doubt that large number of insect species are awaiting to be discovered in Sri Lanka. It will be rather unfortunate if some of these organisms would perish even before we discover them. Sri Lanka has taken a lead among the Asian countries in assessing conservation status of species at a national level, which is mandatory requirement for conservation priority setting and planning. Yet we have failed to follow up on the red listing process, which has resulted in many species being driven more towards extinction. Sri Lanka has taken many steps over the years to conserve its rich biodiversity. The most important among these include establishment of a network of protected areas that makes up about 30% of Sri Lanka’s land extent. However, many of these protected areas have not been inventorised and most of the protected areas do not have clear management objectives or management plans. Therefore, these protected areas are not managed as efficiently as they should be and as a result they have failed to accrue the benefits to the nation. Even though Sri Lanka ranks second in Asia with respect to percentage of land being managed as protected areas, much of its biodiversity inhabits areas outside the protected area network and many of these species are in conflict with man which has been identified as an emerging conservation issue in Sri Lanka. Thus, if we are to conserve Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity there are number of things that need to be addressed immediately. These include, inter alia, inventorying the species and habitats, managing the protected areas in more efficient manner and finding lasting solutions to human-wildlife conflicts. Also, we need a paradigm shift in the way we utilise land as the current land use approach is quite detrimental to achieving conservation objectives of the nation.Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, Conservation planning, Inventorying species, Human-wildlife conflict

A comparative haematological analysis of Asian Elephants <i>Elephas maximus</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Elephantidae) managed under different captive conditions in Sri Lanka

Haematological parameters were assessed from elephants of three institutions in Sri Lanka with different captive conditions, in order to evaluate if different captive conditions influence the physiology of the animals. The institutions were: The National Zoological Gardens (NZG), where elephants live a comparatively sedentary lifestyle, Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage (PEO), where elephants are allowed to walk and engage in intra-specific behaviours, and Millennium Elephant Foundation (MEF), where the elephants are used for tourist rides. Four adult females were examined from the NZG, while only two males and two females could be examined from PEO and MEF respectively. All animals were sampled on four consecutive days. Blood glucose levels, total white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and differential white blood cell counts were carried out. Certain blood parameters of the elephants from NZG differed significantly from the parameters of the elephants from PEO and MEF. These were, the total WBC counts (Kruskal-Wallis, H=21.92, 2d.f., P=0.000), the lymphocyte count (Kruskal-Wallis, H=16.40, 2d.f., P=0.00) and the Neutrophil: Lymphocyte ratios (Kruskal-Wallis , H=14.58, 2d.f., P less than 0.05). PCV , blood glucose levels and monocyte counts were also shown to be significantly different among the three groups (Kruskal-Wallis P less than 0.000). We suggest that differences in the stress levels associated with the different management methods might influence these haematological values