20 research outputs found
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Uncertainty and Precautionary Management of Marine Fisheries: Can the Old Methods Fit the New Mandates?
Continued stock declines in marine fisheries have resulted in a search for more risk-averse management approaches. In response, the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 mandates habitat protection, bs catch reduction, and stock rebuilding. These changes emphasize precaution, and imply a shift in focus from maximizing yields to minimizing ecological impacts and maintaining long-term biological and economic sustainability: Unfortunately: there is little consensus on how a precautionary approach should be applied in managing overcapitalized marine fisheries, especially considering the substantial uncertainty in our understanding of ecosystem structure and function, and the effects of fishing. Speakers in a half-day symposium at the 1999 AFS Annual Meeting discussed a spectrum of: topics relating to analytic and decision-making uncertainty, precautionary management approaches, the social and political context in which decisions must be reached and the role of management decisions in creating incentives. New approaches within the current decision-making context show some promise for reducing uncertainty and becoming more risk-averse. However, past lessons force us to conclude that the old methods will not satisfy the new mandates for risk-averse management approaches that are robust to both uncertainty regarding the effects of fishing on the ecosystem, and uncertainty regarding the effects of regulations on those being regulated. This paper is a synthesis of the diverse views of nine symposium participants. Speakers and the titles of their payers are shown in the acknowledgments.Keywords: sustainable fisheries, precautionary management, fishery managementKeywords: sustainable fisheries, precautionary management, fishery managemen
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Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef
This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique
opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a
heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There
are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to
fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels
operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of
rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort.
This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat
complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and
character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon
them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years
working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods
for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because
nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living
resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs
have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a
resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish
survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the
habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and
is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research
efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest
influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships,
is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect
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essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and
productive ecological systems
Whole Genome Sequencing of Australian Candida glabrata Isolates Reveals Genetic Diversity and Novel Sequence Types
Candida glabrata is a pathogen with reduced susceptibility to azoles and echinocandins. Analysis by traditional multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has recognized an increasing number of sequence types (STs), which vary with geography. Little is known about STs of C. glabrata in Australia. Here, we utilized whole genome sequencing (WGS) to study the genetic diversity of 51 Australian C. glabrata isolates and sought associations between STs over two time periods (2002–2004, 2010–2017), and with susceptibility to fluconazole by principal component analysis (PCA). Antifungal susceptibility was determined using Sensititre YeastOneTM Y010 methodology and WGS performed on the NextSeq 500 platform (Illumina) with in silico MLST STs inferred by WGS data. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes linked to echinocandin, azole and 5-fluorocytosine resistance were analyzed. Of 51 isolates, WGS identified 18 distinct STs including four novel STs (ST123, ST124, ST126, and ST127). Four STs accounted for 49% of isolates (ST3, 15.7%; ST83, 13.7%; ST7, 9.8%; ST26, 9.8%). Split-tree network analysis resolved isolates to terminal branches; many of these comprised multiple isolates from disparate geographic settings but four branches contained Australian isolates only. ST3 isolates were common in Europe, United States and now Australia, whilst ST8 and ST19, relatively frequent in the United States, were rare/absent amongst our isolates. There was no association between ST distribution (genomic similarity) and the two time periods or with fluconazole susceptibility. WGS identified mutations in the FKS1 (S629P) and FKS2 (S663P) genes in three, and one, echinocandin-resistant isolate(s), respectively. Both mutations confer phenotypic drug resistance. Twenty-five percent (13/51) of isolates were fluconazole-resistant (MIC ≥ 64 μg/ml) of which 9 (18%) had non wild-type MICs to voriconazole and posaconazole. Multiple SNPs were present in genes linked to azole resistance such as CgPDR1 and CgCDR1, as well as several in MSH2; however, SNPs occurred in both azole-susceptible and azole-resistant isolates. Although no particular SNP in these genes was definitively associated with resistance, azole-resistant/non-wild type isolates had a propensity to harbor SNPs resulting in amino acid substitutions in Pdr1 beyond the first 250 amino acid positions. The presence of SNPs may be markers of STs. Our study shows the value of WGS for high-resolution sequence typing of C. glabrata, discovery of novel STs and potential to monitor trends in genetic diversity. WGS assessment for echinocandin resistance augments phenotypic susceptibility testing
Prospects for recovering endemic fishes pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Fisheries
If the success of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is measured by the number of endangered species that have been recovered and dellsted, then the act is not very successful. Only 15 species have been dellsted because of recovery in the history of the ESA. The Borax Lake chub (Gila boraxobius), an endangered species restricted to an Oregon spring system, is considered to be on the brink of recovery and may warrant future dellsting. A panel of scientists was convened to determine consensus regarding the species' listing status by reviewing: (1) current habitat conditions, (2) implementation of the recovery plan, and (3) applicability of ESA listing factors. Despite substantial progress towards recovery, threats to the species remain, including habitat degradation and the potential introduction of nonnative species. These are problems common to many fishes of highly restricted distribution. Because the Borax Lake chub occurs in a single spring system, the species remains vulnerable to catastrophic loss and requires continuing protection afforded by the ESA. Like many spring-dwelling fishes with a restricted range, recovery of the Borax Lake chub to the point where ESA protection is no longer required is an admirable but largely unobtainable goal. Prevention of extinction rather than dellsting is a more appropriate measure of ESA success for such species. According to Section 2 of th
in preparation
3. Results and Discussion ……………………………………………………...…. 2
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Prospects for Recovering Endemic Fishes Pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act
If the success of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is measured by the number of endangered species that have been recovered and delisted, then the act is not very successful. Only 15 species have been delisted because of recovery in the history of the ESA. The Borax Lake chub (Gila boraxobius), an endangered species restricted to an Oregon spring system, is considered to be on the brink of recovery and may warrant future delisting. A panel of scientists was convened to determine consensus regarding the species' listing status by reviewing: (1) current habitat conditions, (2) implementation of the recovery plan, and (3) applicability of ESA listing factors. Despite substantial progress towards recovery, threats to the species remain, including habitat degradation and the potential introduction of nonnative species. These are problems common to many fishes of highly restricted distribution. Because the Borax Lake chub occurs in a single spring system, the species remains vulnerable to catastrophic loss and requires continuing protection afforded by the ESA. Like many spring-dwelling fishes with a restricted range, recovery of the Borax Lake chub to the point where ESA protection is no longer required is an admirable but largely unobtainable goal. Prevention of extinction rather than delisting is a more appropriate measure of ESA success for such species.Keywords: Endemic species, Endangered species, Gila boraxobius, Species extinctio
Long-range synchronization and local desynchronization of alpha oscillations during visual short-term memory retention in children
Local alpha-band synchronization has been associated with both cortical idling and active inhibition. Recent evidence, however, suggests that long-range alpha synchronization increases functional coupling between cortical regions. We demonstrate increased long-range alpha and beta band phase synchronization during short-term memory retention in children 6–10 years of age. Furthermore, whereas alpha-band synchronization between posterior cortex and other regions is increased during retention, local alpha-band synchronization over posterior cortex is reduced. This constitutes a functional dissociation for alpha synchronization across local and long-range cortical scales. We interpret long-range synchronization as reflecting functional integration within a network of frontal and visual cortical regions. Local desynchronization of alpha rhythms over posterior cortex, conversely, likely arises because of increased engagement of visual cortex during retention