Topic Review Parents' Goals for Children: The Dynamic Coexistence of Individualism and Collectivism in Cultures and Individuals

Abstract Current scholarship on the cultural value systems of individualism and collectivism, and the associated developmental goals of autonomy and relatedness, has moved beyond grand divide theories to emphasize variation within individuals and cultures. We present a theoretical model on the dynamic coexistence of cultural value systems (at the macro level) and parents' developmental goals (at the micro leve

"They say Black men won't make it, but I know I'm gonna make it" Ethnic and racial identity development in the context of cultural stereotypes

For more than a century, scholars have defined the self as a social phenomenon dependent on relationships and embedded within a sociohistorical context. Yet a review of the empirical study of identity over the past forty years reveals significant divergence from this individual-in-context perspective. This chapter returns to the sociocultural roots of identity development study, reviewing empirical research with adolescents from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds and the works of others that focus on how cultural stereotypes about race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, social class, and nationality intersect to form the context within which individuals construct, experience, and interpret their ethnic and racial identities. This review makes evident that identity is simultaneously personal and social and that stereotypes about social categories are a significant link that binds them. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for research and theory on identity development and for the field of psychology more broadly

Inter-relations between ethnic-racial discrimination and ethnic-racial identity among early adolescents

We examined whether the longitudinal inter-relation between discrimination and identity varies according to the perpetrator of discrimination. We used three waves of data from early adolescents (n = 387; ages 11-12 at Wave 1) to assess the strength and direction of relations between perceived discrimination from adults and peers vis-à-vis ethnic-racial identity exploration, commitment, private regard, and public regard. Cross-lagged autoregressive path analyses showed that more frequent discrimination, regardless of source, had reciprocal and significant longitudinal inter-relations with exploration and public regard. Peer discrimination predicted lower commitment and private regard one year later, whereas adult discrimination did not. We discuss the implications of these findings as they relate to the role of peers and ethnic-racial identity processes during early adolescence

The Friendships of Racial-Ethnic Minority Youth in Context

An extensive theoretical and empirical literature suggests that friendships are an important, if not essential, micro-context of adolescent development – shaping youth identity, school and civic engagement, and psychological and physical wellbeing. Friendships are also themselves embedded within, and shaped by, the larger macro-context of culture (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), including racial-ethnic stereotypes (García-Coll et al., 1996; Spencer, 1995). Yet, the study of friendship rarely examines the influence of the macro-context or includes racial-ethnic minority youth despite the fact that such youth represent half of the American youth population. In this chapter, we review research on the friendships of racial-ethnic minority youth and focus specifically on how the macro-context of social-identity based stereotypes shapes the micro-context of friendships

Challenges to Diabetes Self-Management in Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

PURPOSE: The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study undergirded by Meleis\u27s Transition Framework was to explore developmental, situational, and organizational challenges experienced by a diverse group of emerging adults (18-29 years old) with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Their perspectives on creating a developmentally informed diabetes self-management (DSM) program that supports transitional care were also explored. METHODS: A purposive sample of emerging adults with T1DM was recruited from the pediatric and adult diabetes clinics of an urban academic medical center. Those who consented participated in either a single focus group or a single interview. Self-reported demographic and clinical information was also collected. RESULTS: The sample was comprised of 21 emerging adults, with an average age of 23.6 +/- 2.6 years, diabetes duration of 14.7 +/- 5.0 years, and 71% female. Four main themes emerged: (1) finding a balance between diabetes and life, (2) the desire to be in control of their diabetes, (3) the hidden burden of diabetes, and (4) the desire to have a connection with their diabetes provider. Use of insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors and attendance at diabetes camp decreased some of the DSM challenges. Different groups of individuals had different perspectives on living with diabetes and different approaches to DSM. CONCLUSIONS: The emerging adults in this study had a strong desire to be in good glycemic control. However, all participants described having a hard time balancing DSM with other competing life priorities. They also desired personalized patient-provider interactions with their diabetes care provider in clinical follow-up services. Even though the study sample was small, important themes emerged that warrant further exploration