The analysis of thermal cycle of steam power stations on ultrasupercritical parameters.

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy termodynamicznej trzech obiegów cieplnych elektrowni parowych na parametry ultranadkrytyczne: 35 MPa i 700oC. Analizę przeprowadzono dla obiegów o różnych sposobach napędu pompy wody zasilającej. Obliczenia optymalizacyjne wykonano z wykorzystaniem algorytmu genetycznego.In the paper the results of the thermodynamic analysis of three thermal cycle of steam power stations on ultrasupercritical parameters: 35 MPa and 700oC were presented. The analysis for cycles about different manners of the drive pump feedwater was made. Optimization calculations with use of a genetic algorithm were performed

Work safety interaction assessment of VOC’s emission under emergency work of IPPC installation

The study evaluated the impact of emissions (VOCs) as a result of the operation of the printing of plant at working positions of those performing their tasks outdoors or in buildings next door. The first part of the paper presents the general characteristics of the process and materials used for printing. The further part shows the results of the modelling of emissions, depending on the operating state of purification (emission in normal conditions and emission in failure state of the afterburner)

Environmental interaction assessment of VOC’s emission from printing plant hot rotary heat-set

The paper presents an analysis of gaseous emissions arising from the operations of printing using a printing process hot offset rotary. The first part presents the general characteristics of the process and the paint used. The following part shows the results of modelling the emission of pollutants according to the efficiency of the cleaning system, as well as depending on other parameters influencing the dispersion process impurities

Evolution of microstructure and residual stress during annealing of austenitic and ferritic steels

International audienceIn this work the recovery and recrystallization processes occurring in ferritic and austenitic steels were studied. To determine the evolution of residual stresses during material annealing the nonlinear sin 2 ψ diffraction method was used and an important relaxation of the macrostresses as well as the microstresses was found in the cold rolled samples subjected to heat treatment. Such relaxation occurs at the beginning of recovery, when any changes of microstructure cannot be detected using other experimental techniques. Stress evolution in the annealed steel samples was correlated with the progress of recovery process, which significantly depends on the value of stacking fault energy

Stress evolution in plastically deformed austenitic and ferritic steels determined using angle- and energy-dispersive diffraction

In the presented research, the intergranular elastic interaction and the second-order plastic incompatibility stress in textured ferritic and austenitic steels were investigated by means of diffraction. The lattice strains were measured inside the samples by the multiple reflection method using high energy X-rays diffraction during uniaxial in situ tensile tests. Comparing experiment with various models of intergranular interaction, it was found that the Eshelby-Kr\"oner model correctly approximates the X-ray stress factors (XSFs) for different reflections hkl and scattering vector orientations. The verified XSFs were used to investigate the evolution of the first and second-order stresses in both austenitic and ferritic steels. It was shown that considering only the elastic anisotropy, the non-linearity of $\sin^2{\psi}$ plots cannot be explained by crystallographic texture. Therefore, a more advanced method based on elastic-plastic self-consistent modeling (EPSC) is required for the analysis. Using such methodology the non-linearities of $\cos^2{\phi}$ plots were explained, and the evolutions of the first and second-order stresses were determined. It was found that plastic deformation of about 1- 2% can completely exchange the state of second-order plastic incompatibility stresses

Stress evolution in plastically deformed austenitic and ferritic steels determined using angle- and energy-dispersive diffraction

In the presented research, the intergranular elastic interaction and the second-order plastic incompatibility stress in textured ferritic and austenitic steels were investigated by means of diffraction. The lattice strains were measured inside the samples by the multiple reflection method using high energy X-rays diffraction during uniaxial in situ tensile tests. Comparing experiment with various models of intergranular interaction, it was found that the Eshelby-Kr¨oner model correctly approximates the X-ray stress factors (XSFs) for different reflections hkl and scattering vector orientations. The verified XSFs were used to investigate the evolution of the first and second-order stresses in both austenitic and ferritic steels. It was shown that considering only the elastic anisotropy, the non-linearity of sin2ψ plots cannot be explained by crystallographic texture. Therefore, a more advanced method based on elastic-plastic self-consistent modeling (EPSC) is required for the analysis. Using such methodology the non-linearities of cos2φ plots were explained, and the evolutions of the first and second-order stresses were determined. It was found that plastic deformation of about 1–2% can completely exchange the state of second-order plastic incompatibility stresses

Multireflection grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction: A new approach to experimental data analysis

The multireflection grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction method is used to test surface stresses at depths of several micrometres in the case of metal samples. This work presents new ways of analysing experimental data obtained by this method for Ni samples exhibiting significant elastic anisotropy of crystals. Three different methods of determining biaxial stresses and lattice parameter were compared. In the first approach, the calculations were performed using the linear least-squares method, and then two simplified procedures based on simple linear regression (weighted and non-weighted) were applied. It was found that all the tested methods give similar results, i.e. almost equal values of the determined stresses and lattice parameters and the uncertainties of their determination. The advantage of analyses based on simple linear regression is their simplicity and straightforward interpretation, enabling easy verification of the influence of the crystallographic texture and the presence of shear stresses, as well as graphical determination of the stress-free lattice parameter

A multireflection and multiwavelength residual stress determination method using energy dispersive diffraction

The main focus of the presented work was the investigation of structure and residual stress gradients in the near-surface region of materials studied by X-ray diffraction. The multireflection method was used to measure depth-dependent stress variation in near-surface layers of a Ti sample (grade 2) subjected to different mechanical treatments. First, the multireflection grazing incidence diffraction method was applied on a classical diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The applicability of the method was then extended by using a white synchrotron beam during an energy dispersive (ED) diffraction experiment. An advantage of this method was the possibility of using not only more than one reflection but also different wavelengths of radiation. This approach was successfully applied to analysis of data obtained in the ED experiment. There was good agreement between the measurements performed using synchrotron radiation and those with Cu Kα radiation on the classical diffractometer. A great advantage of high-energy synchrotron radiation was the possibility to measure stresses as well as the a0 parameter and c0/α0 ratio for much larger depths in comparison with laboratory X-rays. © 2018 International Union of Crystallography

Increasing role of arthropod bites in tularaemia transmission in Poland – case reports and diagnostic methods

The study describes four cases of tularaemia – one developed after contact with rabbits and three developed after an arthropod bite. Due to non-specific clinical symptoms, accurate diagnosis of tularaemia may be difficult. The increasing contribution of the arthropod vectors in the transmission of the disease indicates that special effort should be made to apply sensitive and specific diagnostic methods for tularaemia, and to remind health-care workers about this route of Francisella tularensis infections. The advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic methods – molecular, serological and microbiological culture – are discussed. The PCR as a rapid and proper diagnostic method for ulceroglandular tularaemia is presented

Comparative study of virulence potential, phylogenetic origin, CRISPR-Cas regions and drug resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from urine and other clinical materials

IntroductionUrinary tract infections (UTI), among which the main etiological factor is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC, E. coli), remain an important issue for clinicians. The aim of the study was to demonstrate clear differences in the pathogenic properties of urine-derived E. coli compared to other extraintestinal E. coli clinical isolates (derived from: blood, lower respiratory tracts, sputum, reproductive tract, body fluids, perianal pus, other pus, wound, postoperative wound and other sources).MethodsThe collection of 784 E. coli isolates was collected from various materials of hospitalized patients. They were analyzed in terms of virulence-associated genes (papC, sfaD/sfaE, cnf1, usp., fimG/H, hlyA), belonging to phylogenetic groups and the presence of CRISPR-Cas regions using PCR. In addition, the epidemiological data and the antibiotic resistance profiles provided by the hospital’s microbiology department were included for statistical analyses.ResultsUrine-derived E. coli showed significantly greater virulence potential compared to other isolates, but they were generally unremarkable in terms of drug resistance. The isolates most often belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Drug resistance was negatively correlated with CRISPR 2 presence and high average virulence score, but positively correlated with CRISPR 4 presence. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report significant differences in sputum-derived isolates—they revealed the lowest virulence potential and, at the same time, the highest drug resistance.DiscussionIn conclusion, we demonstrated significant differences of urinary-derived E. coli compared to other clinical E. coli isolates. We would like to suggest excluding penicillins from use in E. coli infection at this time and monitoring strains with a high pathogenicity potential