How the Depths of the Danish Straits Shape Gdańsk's Port and City Spatial Development

The depths of the Danish Straits limit the drafts of ships entering the Baltic Sea. The largest ships calling the Baltic in a laden condition are called Baltimax. The article presents how the dredging works carried out in the Danish Straits in the 1970s enabled the development of the Port of Gdańsk and consequently also influenced the city, being a residential base for employees of the new port and shipyards. The analysed case proves that, for port cities, overcoming a distant navigational bottleneck by dredging the existing passage or constructing a new channel might lead to a significant change in their development. The article also raises a question on the current development opportunities of the Port of Gdańsk, which is again increasingly limited by the depths of the Danish Straits, as large tankers and bulk carriers have already been entering Gdańsk not fully loaded for some time, and recently the largest container ships also reached the maximum permissible drafts

Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in RAu_{2}Ge_{2} (R = La, Ce and Pr) single crystals

Anisotropic magnetic properties of single crystalline RAu_{2}Ge_{2} (R = La, Ce and Pr) compounds are reported. LaAu_{2}Ge_{2} exhibit a Pauli-paramagnetic behavior whereas CeAu_{2}Ge_{2} and PrAu_{2}Ge_{2} show an antiferromagnetic ordering with N\grave{e}el temperatures T_{N} = 13.5 and 9 K, respectively. The anisotropic magnetic response of Ce and Pr compounds establishes [001] as the easy axis of magnetization and a sharp spin-flip type metamagnetic transition is observed in the magnetic isotherms. The resistance and magnetoresistance behavior of these compounds, in particular LaAu_{2}Ge_{2}, indicate an anisotropic Fermi surface. The magnetoresistivity of CeAu_{2}Ge_{2} apparently reveals the presence of a residual Kondo interaction. A crystal electric field analysis of the anisotropic susceptibility in conjunction with the experimentally inferred Schottky heat capacity enables us to propose a crystal electric field level scheme for Ce and Pr compounds. For CeAu_{2}Ge_{2} our values are in excellent agreement with the previous reports on neutron diffraction. The heat capacity data in LaAu_{2}Ge_{2} show clearly the existence of Einstein contribution to the heat capacity.Comment: Submitted to PRB 11 Pages 13 Figure

Variational Monte Carlo Study of a Spinless Fermion t-V Model on a Triangular Lattice: Formation of a Pinball Liquid

We analyze a model of spinless fermions on a triangular lattice at half-filling interacting via strong nearest-neighbor repulsive interactions, V, using the variational Monte Carlo simulation technique. The existence of three-sublattice long-range order is confirmed by the finite-size scaling analysis of the charge structural factor at V_c/t > 12. This ordered phase shows characteristics expected for a so called "pinball liquid" state, which has the spontaneous separation of fermionic degrees of freedom into coexisting Wigner crystal-like charge order (pin) and a metal (ball). The pins are fixed in order to maximize the kinetic energy gain of balls which move almost freely. The Fermi surface is reconstructed at V=V_c and remains towards the strong coupling limit. These features reminiscent of the strong correlation together with the large value of V_c/t distinguishes the pinball liquid from the conventional charge-density-wave.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e6 Leads to Apoptosis of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Percutaneous coronary intervention has become the most common and widely implemented method of heart revascularization. However, the development of restenosis remains the major limitation of this method. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) recently emerged as a new and promising method for the prevention of arterial restenosis. Here the efficacy of chlorin e6 in PDT was investigated in vitro using human vascular smooth muscle cells (TG/HA-VSMCs) as one of the cell types crucial in the development of restenosis. PDT-induced cell death was studied on many levels, including annexin V staining, measurement of the generation reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase-3 activity, and assessment of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and fragmentation of DNA. Photosensitization of TG/HA-VSMCs with a 170 μM of chlorin e6 and subsequent illumination with the light of a 672-nm diode laser (2 J/cm2) resulted in the generation of ROS, a decrease in cell membrane polarization, caspase-3 activation, as well as DNA fragmentation. Interestingly, the latter two apoptotic events could not be observed in photosensitized and illuminated NIH3T3 fibroblasts, suggesting different outcomes of the model of PDT in various types of cells. The results obtained with human VSMCs show that chlorin e6 may be useful in the PDT of aerial restenosis, but its efficacy still needs to be established in an animal model

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Structural characteristics of solutions gravity breakwaters including wave reduction

W artykule przedstawiona została analiza porównawcza metod redukcji obciążenia oddziaływującego na odmorskie ściany falochronów masywnych. Zawarto krótką charakterystykę konstrukcji falochronów typu pionowościennych, sposobu przejmowania przez nie obciążeń od falowania oraz zagrożeń wynikających z tych obciążeń. Przedstawiono kierunki rozwoju nowoczesnych konstrukcji osłaniających akwatoria portowe.The article presents an analysis of comparative methods to reduce the load interacting on massive wall breakwaters. Contained a brief description of the construction of breakwaters type, the way the acquisition of the burden of waves and the risks resulting from these burdens. Presents the trends of modern construction protecting ports

The Concept of Supporting System for Inland Waterway Navigation - Case Study for the Lower Section of the Vistula River

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki prowadzonych badań, dotyczących aktualnych warunków żeglugowo-nawigacyjnych, intensywności ruchu statków, wypadków i incydentów dla dolnego odcinka Wisły jako uzasadnienie do wprowadzenia systemu wspomagającego żeglugę śródlądową na Dolnej Wiśle. Przedstawiono i scharakteryzowano dwa warianty wdrożenia systemu informacji rzecznej.The article presents the results of conducted research on actual navigation conditions, traffic intensity, accidents and incidents for the part of the Vistula River as a justification for introducing the inland waterway navigation system in the Lower Vistula . Two variants of the implementation of the river information system were presented and characterized

Analysis of the transport process of skedenerized and non-massified carriage at the lower Wisła in relation Gdańsk Warszawa

W artykule omówiona została organizacja procesu transportowego w relacji Gdańsk – Płock. Przedstawiono inwentaryzację istniejącej infrastruktury punktowej oraz liniowej wybranych rodzajów transportu wraz z analizą obecnych połączeń transportowych między miastami. Przeanalizowano pilotażowy, badawczo-promocyjny rejs kontenerowy po Wiśle i transport ładunku nienormatywnego w celu identyfikacji utrudnień związanych proces przeładunki na drogach wodnych. Na podstawie analizy wielokryterialnej alternatywnych przewozów ładunków, wyznaczono najbardziej optymalne rozwiązanie zawierające planowaną trasę przejazdu, wybrane środki transportu i urządzenia przeładunkowe.The organization of the transport process in the Gdańsk-Płock report discusses the inventory of the existing point and line infrastructure of selected transport modes together with an analysis of the current transport connections between cities. A pilot, research and promotional voyage on the Vistula River and the transport of non-standard cargo were analyzed to identify the difficulties associated with the transhipment process on waterways. On the basis of the analysis of multicriteria alternative transport of loads, the most optimal solution for the planned route, the selected means of transport and the transshipment facilities were determined

Project implementation system contract in an enterprise

W artykule omówiony zagadnienia branży TSL, organizacji, zarządzania przedsiębiorstwie. Opracowano system realizacji zamówienia klienta w przedsiębiorstwie z wprowadzeniem możliwości usprawnień danego procesu. Wykonano charakterystykę zakładu i przeanalizowano przebieg procesu zamówienia, z wyszczególnieniem zakłóceń.The aim of the thesis was to present various issues of the TSL industry (transport, shipping, logistics), organization and management in the studium enterprise and issues related to customer service and implementation of contracts in the company. The main task was to develop a system of implementing customer’s orders in the company with the introduction of possible improvements in the course of the analyses processes