Costing Annexe To Consultants Preliminary Report

The procedure for costing the Reference Designs of the Wave Power Devices is described in Chapter 3 of the Consultant's Preliminary Report. The detailed breakdown of the prices determined for each Device, together with tabulated comparisons of the data received from contractors, is given as an Appendix to this Cost Annexe. The following tabulated summaries cover the overall capital cost of the construction of a 200 MW installed capacity power station for each Device. They should not be taken outside the context of the Consultants Preliminary Report, in which the reservations to be placed both on the preliminary Reference Designs and on the preliminary costing exercise are clearly stated. During this study, time did not permit the exploration of the many avenues which are available for potential cost reduction both by redesign and the study of alternative construction procedures. In particular there has been no opportunity for discussion of the costing exercise with the Device Teams. However, a study of the cost breakdowns indicates areas in each Device where cost savings should be achieved by appropriate design changes or more detailed analysis

The Availability Model: Consultant's Working Paper Number 32

This note describes some results obtained from the Consultant's Availability Model. They are based on preliminary data provided by Y-ard on the reliability of devices, and by Kennedy & Donkin on the transmission scheme. It is estimated that about 20% of the total energy output of a system might be lost due to repairs of its component. (This does not include lossed due to routine maintenance activities) . Assuming a value of 5p/kwh, this is equivalent to a cost of about £40m per annum for a 2gw station. station. There are several possible ways of reducing such losses, however , the most important being: - The reduction of failure rates by improvements in design, added redundancy in critical areas, or additional preventive maintenance. The use of larger numbers of repair crews, boats, etc .. - The reduction of live repair times in order to take advantage of the short weather windows which occur during the winter months, and/or the improvement of access to devices so that repair work can be carried out in more severe sea conditions. The trade-offs which exist between investing money in these areas and the resultant savings in energy losses are discussed, with the conclusion that the optimal solution for any scheme is likely to be one that reduces such losses to a minimum, by capital investment or high O+M expenditure. The appendices give an outline of the Availability Model and a revision of the sea-state information given in Working Paper 24, based on a more extensive analysis of the data

Consultants Second Report, Volume 2: Technical Appraisal Of The Devices - Part 1

This report is the second general assessment prepared by the Consultants for the Wave Energy Steering Committee, the first having been submitted in August 1977. The primary objective of this report is to present to those responsible for directing the U.K. wave energy programme a full assessment of the devices now under development from the point of view of their potential for large scale implementation. The Consultants have attempted to assemble as firm a basis of factual information as is possible at this stage, to guide future decision making. The report is presented in three volumes, Volume 1 is an Executive Summary and includes the conclusions for the whole report. Volume 2 is the main body of the report and deals with the technical assessment, Volume 3 contains the costing information. The report assesses devices and not Device Teams. The Consultants have tried to present as fair a picture as possible of the devices as conceived by the Teams, and the Teams are of course the principal source of information. However, the text also refers to work from other sources. Every effort has been made to identify the inherent strengths and weaknesses of the devices independently of the work of the development Teams. It is recognised that at some stage certain devices will be dropped from the programme to allow concentration of effort on the more promising schemes. The Consultants have therefore given special prominence to those topics which are likely to have most influence on such decisions. An important limitation imposed on this report is its timing. It finds many Device Teams halfway through planned programmes of work, and in many areas detailed information necessary for a complete assessment is missing. In these areas attention is drawn to those factors which may later modify the stated conclusions on particular aspects of devices. However, the Consultants feel that it is now possible to reach reliable conclusions on many of the broader aspects of device development. Seven devices are included in the assessment. Some are much further advanced than others, and some are much more complex. The depths of the assessments carried out reflect these factors. Chapters 4 to 10 of this Volume present for each device a Reference Design which has been used as the basis of assessment. Table 1.1 sets out the key parameters of the Reference Designs. These designs have either been produced in their entirety by the Device Teams, or have been in part worked up by the Consultants in consultation with the Device Teams. The devices are described and assessed technically in terms of their material and workmanship content, and in terms of their annual average power output (termed 'productivity' in this report). For each device a brief summary of the fundamental mechanism of wave power extraction is given as general information, and for comparison between devices. There is a strong link between these fundamentals and the most important engineering problems, including costs. Except where it is directly applicable to the assessment, this report does not deal in any detail with the extensive programme of support work which has been initiated in areas of interest to all devices. This work is undertaken by Technical Advisory Groups (TAGS) and their work is documented in numerous separate reports

Cell Phones to Collect Pregnancy Data From Remote Areas in Liberia

Purpose: To report findings on knowledge and skill acquisition following a 3‐day training session in the use of short message service (SMS) texting with non‐ and low‐literacy traditional midwives. Design: A pre‐ and post‐test study design was used to assess knowledge and skill acquisition with 99 traditional midwives on the use of SMS texting for real‐time, remote data collection in rural Liberia, West Africa. Methods: Paired sample t‐tests were conducted to establish if overall mean scores varied significantly from pre‐test to immediate post‐test. Analysis of variance was used to compare means across groups. The nonparametric McNemar's test was used to determine significant differences between the pre‐test and post‐test values of each individual step involved in SMS texting. Pearson's chi‐square test of independence was used to examine the association between ownership of cell phones within a family and achievement of the seven tasks. Findings: The mean increase in cell phone knowledge scores was 3.67, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 3.39 to 3.95. Participants with a cell phone in the family did significantly better on three of the seven tasks in the pre‐test: “turns cell on without help” (χ 2 (1) = 9.15, p = .003); “identifies cell phone coverage” (χ 2 (1) = 5.37, p = .024); and “identifies cell phone is charged” (χ 2 (1) = 4.40, p = .042). Conclusions: A 3‐day cell phone training session with low‐ and nonliterate traditional midwives in rural Liberia improved their ability to use mobile technology for SMS texting. Clinical Relevance: Mobile technology can improve data collection accessibility and be used for numerous health care and public health issues. Cell phone accessibility holds great promise for collecting health data in low‐resource areas of the world. Journal of Nursing Scholarship , 2012; 00:0, 1–8.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/93561/1/j.1547-5069.2012.01451.x.pd