1,530 research outputs found
Genetic Assimilation and Canalisation in the Baldwin Effect
The Baldwin Effect indicates that individually learned behaviours acquired during an organism’s lifetime can influence the evolutionary path taken by a population, without any direct Lamarckian transfer of traits from phenotype to genotype. Several computational studies modelling this effect have included complications that restrict its applicability. Here we present a simplified model that is used to reveal the essential mechanisms and highlight several conceptual issues that have not been clearly defined in prior literature. In particular, we suggest that canalisation and genetic assimilation, often conflated in previous studies, are separate concepts and the former is actually not required for non-heritable phenotypic variation to guide genetic variation. Additionally, learning, often considered to be essential for the Baldwin Effect, can be replaced with a more general phenotypic plasticity model. These simplifications potentially permit the Baldwin Effect to operate in much more general circumstances
Renewing the Exploration Approach for Mid-Enthalpy Systems: Examples from Northern England and Scotland
After a promising start in the 1970s and 80s, the UK rather fell behind other countries in the search for viable mid-enthalpy
geothermal resources. This situation began to turn around in 2004, when the first of three deep geothermal exploration boreholes
were drilled in northern England. What distinguished these from earlier drilling in Cornwall was the deliberate search for naturallyhigh
permeability associated with major faults, especially those that have undergone strike-slip reactivation during the Cenozoic.
Boreholes at Eastgate in the North Pennines targeted buried radiothermal granite, whereas the 1,821m-deep Science Central
Borehole in Newcastle upon Tyne targeted a postulated deep sedimentary aquifer (the Fell Sandstones), which were inferred to be
connected laterally to the granitic heat source by a major fault (the reactivation of the Iapetus geo-suture). The drilling was in both
cases rewarded with impressive heat flows, and in the case of Eastgate with what is believed to be the highest permeability yet
found in a deep granite batholith anywhere in the world. In parallel with these developments, a re-assessment was made of the preexisting
geothermal heat flow database for the UK, applying newly-standardised correction protocols for palaeoclimatic and
topographic distortions, which were found to be particularly marked in Scotland (where only shallow boreholes had been used to
establish geothermal gradients in the original 1980s analysis), Similar prospects in northern England (similar to that drilled at
Science Central) are now the focus of commercial exploration efforts. Appraisal of fault dispositions relative to the present-day
maximum compressive stress azimuth are being used to identify the most promising areas for intersecting fault-related permeability
at depth. New geophysical tools – most notably atomic dielectric resonance scanning – are also being appraised for their ability to
directly detect features (such as hot brines) which are indicative of localised convection in target fault zones and aquifers
Slavnov-Taylor identities in Coulomb gauge Yang-Mills theory
The Slavnov-Taylor identities of Coulomb gauge Yang-Mills theory are derived
from the (standard, second order) functional formalism. It is shown how these
identities form closed sets from which one can in principle fully determine the
Green's functions involving the temporal component of the gauge field without
approximation, given appropriate input.Comment: 20 pages, no figure
A new approach to improving the efficiency of fel oscillator simulations
During the last year we have been benchmarking FEL
oscillator simulation codes against the measured
performance of the three Jefferson Lab oscillator FELs.
While one might think that a full 4D simulation is de
facto the best predictor of performance, the simulations
are computationally intensive, even when analytical
approximations to the electron bunch longitudinal
distribution are used. In this presentation we compare the
predictions of the 4D FEL interaction codes Genesis and
Medusa, in combination with the optical code OPC, with
those using a combination of the 2D & 3D versions of
these codes, which can be run quickly on a single CPU
core desktop computer
Synchronously pumped mid-infrared CdSe optical parametric oscillator
Synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillators (SPOPOs) are efficient sources of tunable ultrashort pulses, with low threshold average power requirements, since gain is defined by peak power. An attractive material for such devices is cadmium selenide (CdSe) due to its high nonlinearity (d(31) = 18 pm/V), wide transparency range (0.75-25 µm) and high optical quality. Previous efforts involving CdSe in OPOs have been restricted to angle-tuning, and using Q-switched pump sources. We present here the first continuous-wave, mode-locked SPOPO based on non-critically phase-matched (NCPM) CdSe, with agile tuning of the idler over the range 9.1-9.7 µm, the longest wavelength achieved using a SPOPO to date. Pump-wavelength-tuning over a wide range (necessary for the NCPM arrangement) was provided by the signal output of a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) SPOPO, operating close to degeneracy using a single PPLN grating period. The use of a diffraction grating to tune the signal of the PPLN SPOPO was a key factor in obtaining clean, single-frequency pump conditions, with tuning achieved by simple grating rotation
Effectiveness of Efavirenz-Based Regimens in Young HIV-Infected Children Treated for Tuberculosis: A Treatment Option for Resource-Limited Settings
Background: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) options for young children co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis are limited in resource-poor settings due to limited data on the use of efavirenz (EFV). Using available pharmacokinetic data, an EFV dosing schedule was developed for young co-infected children and implemented as the standard of care at Macha Hospital in Southern Province, Zambia. Treatment outcomes inchildren younger than 3 years of age or weighing less than 10 kg receiving either EFV-based ART plus anti-tuberculous treatment or nevirapine-based (NVP) ART were compared. Methods: Treatment outcomes were measured in a cohort of HIV-infected children seeking care at Macha Hospital in rural Zambia from 2007 to 2010. Informationon the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis was abstracted from medical records. Results: Forty-five children treated for tuberculosis initiated an EFV-based regimen and 69 children initiated a NVP-based regimen, 7 of whom also were treated for tuberculosis. Children receiving both regimens were comparable in age, but children receiving EFV started ART with a lower CD4+ T-cell percentage and weight-for-age z-score. Children receiving EFV experienced increases in both CD4+ T-cell percentage and weight-for-age z-score during follow-up, such that levels were comparable to children receiving NVP after two years of ART. Cumulative survival after 12 months of ART did not differ between groups (NVP:87%;EFV:80%;p = 0.25). Eleven children experienced virologic failure during follow-up.The adjusted hazard ratio of virologic failure comparing EFV to NVP was 0.25 (95% CI:0.05,1.24) and 0.13 (95% CI:0.03,0.62) using thresholds of 5000 and 400 copies/mL, respectively.Five children receiving EFV were reported to have had convulsions after ART initiation compared to only one child receiving NVP (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Despite poorer health at ART initiation, children treated for tuberculosis and receiving EFV-based regimens showed significant improvements comparable to children receiving NVP-based regimens. EFV-based regimens should be considered for young HIV-infected children co-infected with tuberculosis in resource-limited settings
Prominent bulk pinning effect in the MgB_2 superconductor
We report the magnetic-field dependence of the irreversible magnetization of
the recently discovered binary superconductor MgB. For the temperature
region of , the contribution of the bulk pinning to the
magnetization overwhelms that of the surface pinning. This was evident from the
fact that the magnetization curves, , were well described by the
critical-state model without considering the surface pinning effect. It was
also found that the curves at various temperatures scaled when the field
and the magnetization were normalized by the characteristic scaling factors
and , respectively. This feature suggests that the
pinning mechanism determining the hysteresis in is unique below .Comment: 4pages and 4 figures. Phys. Rev. B (accepted
Solution of a one-dimensional stochastic model with branching and coagulation reactions
We solve an one-dimensional stochastic model of interacting particles on a
chain. Particles can have branching and coagulation reactions, they can also
appear on an empty site and disappear spontaneously.
This model which can be viewed as an epidemic model and/or as a
generalization of the {\it voter} model, is treated analytically beyond the
{\it conventional} solvable situations. With help of a suitably chosen {\it
string function}, which is simply related to the density and the
non-instantaneous two-point correlation functions of the particles, exact
expressions of the density and of the non-instantaneous two-point correlation
functions, as well as the relaxation spectrum are obtained on a finite and
periodic lattice.Comment: 5 pages, no figure. To appear as a Rapid Communication in Physical
Review E (September 2001
The study of the negative pion production in neutron-proton collisions at beam momenta below 1.8 GeV/c
A detailed investigation of the reaction np -> pp\pi^{-} has been carried out
using the data obtained with the continuous neutron beam produced by charge
exchange scattering of protons off a deuterium target. A partial wave
event-by-event based maximum likelihood analysis was applied to determine
contributions of different partial waves to the pion production process. The
combined analysis of the np -> pp\pi^{-} and pp -> pp\pi^{0} data measured in
the same energy region allows us to determine the contribution of isoscalar
partial waves (I=0) in the momentum range from 1.1 up to 1.8 GeV/c. The decay
of isoscalar partial waves into (^1S_0)_{pp}\pi$ channel provides a good tool
for a determination of the pp S-wave scalar scattering length in the final
state which was found to be a_{pp}=-7.5\pm 0.3 fm.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
Onset of magnetism in B2 transition metals aluminides
Ab initio calculation results for the electronic structure of disordered bcc
Fe(x)Al(1-x) (0.4<x<0.75), Co(x)Al(1-x) and Ni(x)Al(1-x) (x=0.4; 0.5; 0.6)
alloys near the 1:1 stoichiometry, as well as of the ordered B2 (FeAl, CoAl,
NiAl) phases with point defects are presented. The calculations were performed
using the coherent potential approximation within the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker
method (KKR-CPA) for the disordered case and the tight-binding linear
muffin-tin orbital (TB-LMTO) method for the intermetallic compounds. We studied
in particular the onset of magnetism in Fe-Al and Co-Al systems as a function
of the defect structure. We found the appearance of large local magnetic
moments associated with the transition metal (TM) antisite defect in FeAl and
CoAl compounds, in agreement with the experimental findings. Moreover, we found
that any vacancies on both sublattices enhance the magnetic moments via
reducing the charge transfer to a TM atom. Disordered Fe-Al alloys are
ferromagnetically ordered for the whole range of composition studied, whereas
Co-Al becomes magnetic only for Co concentration >0.5.Comment: 11 pages with 9 embedded postscript figures, to be published in
Phys.Rev.
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