Sympathy and the ‘Fallen Woman’ in the Victorian Novel, from Elizabeth Gaskell to Thomas Hardy

This thesis focuses on the significance of sympathy in representations of the ‘fallen woman’ in the Victorian realist novel. Beginning with Gaskell’s Ruth (1853) and ending with Hardy’s Jude the Obscure (1895), I explore the ways in which authors sought to encourage their readers to feel sympathy towards the fallen woman, and moreover, how the nature of sympathy is shaped by the writers’ narrative strategies and prevalent cultural attitudes towards women and their sexuality. Critics have typically argued that Victorian novelists adhered to Adam Smith’s model of sympathy – which understands sympathy as essentially self-reflexive – and are thus sceptical of sympathy leading to acts of kindness. However, this thesis argues that ‘fallen woman’ novels present a more complex case. In their fascination with the difficulty of sympathy, such texts evoke the reader’s sympathy in the act of struggling to understand the ‘fallenness’ of these characters. The thesis examines novels that are notable for the diverse ways in which the fallen woman is placed within their narratives. Gaskell’s Ruth, Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles (1891), and Moore’s Esther Waters (1894) are centred on their fallen woman heroines, while in Eliot’s Adam Bede (1859), and Hardy’s Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) and Jude the Obscure, the fallen woman is a minor or secondary character. In doing so, I reveal how these novels function to extend the reader’s sympathy to those outside of their familiar group, drawing upon Raymond Williams’s concept of the ‘knowable community’. The concluding chapters explore how the transition at the end of the nineteenth century from the ‘fallen woman’ to ‘New Women’ fundamentally reshapes the dynamics of sympathy: Moore complicates questions of agency, morality and choice, while Hardy challenges the reader to engage with one of the period’s most challenging fictional characters, Sue Bridehead

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Orientador : Vanessa Kava CordeiroMonografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Curso de Especialização em Genética para Professores do Ensino Médio.Inclui referência

フルタミドの活性に影響を与える酵素的・非酵素的反応についての物理化学的研究

13301甲第4373号博士(薬学)金沢大学博士論文要旨Abstrac

フルタミドの活性に影響を与える酵素的・非酵素的反応についての物理化学的研究

13301甲第4373号博士(薬学)金沢大学博士論文本文Ful

Triethylated chromones with substituted naphthalenes as tubulin inhibitors

Previously synthesized 2-(benzo[]thiophene-3′-yl)-6,8,8-triethyldesmosdumotin B (, TEDB-TB) and 2-(naphth-1′-yl)-6,8,8-triethyldesmosdumotin B () showed potent activity against multiple human tumor cell lines, including a multidrug-resistant (MDR) subline, by targeting spindle formation and/or the microtubule network. Consequently, ester analogues of hydroxylated naphthyl substituted TEBDs (–) were prepared and evaluated for their effects on tumor cell proliferation and on tubulin assembly. Among all new compounds, compound , a 4′-acetoxynaphthalen-1′-yl derivative, displayed the most potent antiproliferative activity (IC 0.2–5.7 μM). Selected analogues were confirmed to be tubulin assembly inhibitors in cell-free and cell-based assays using MDR tumor cells. The new analogues partially inhibited colchicine binding to tubulin, suggesting their binding mode would be different from that of colchicine. This observation was supported by computational docking model analyses. Thus, the newly synthesized triethylated chromones with esterified naphthalene groups have good potential for development as a new class of mitotic inhibitors that target tubulin

〔研究ノート〕グリーンナッツオイルの 抗アレルギー効果と脂肪酸組成

　　The number of individuals with allergic disease has been increasing in recent years. One suspected reason for this increase is excessive consumption of n-6 fatty acids, which are contained at high levels in vegetable oils and meats. In contrast, n-3 fatty acids are believed to have an inhibitory effect on allergic disease. Various foods including blueback fish contain high levels of n-3 fatty acids. Green nut oil（GNO）also contains approximately 50％ α-linoleic acid. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effect of GNO on atopic dermatitis.　　Four-week-old male NC/Nga TndCrlj mice were divided into a GNO-treated group and a corn oil-treated（CO）group and reared for 7 weeks. Once a week, a picryl chloride solution was applied to the backs and auricles of the mice to induce allergic dermatitis. 　Erythrocyte membrane and liver EPA and DHA contents were significantly higher in the GNO group compared to the CO group, suggesting that the EPA and DHA was converted from α-linoleic acid. Erythrocyte membrane and liver arachidonic acid contents were higher in the CO group. The progress of allergic disease was slower in the GNO group compared to the CO group. Blood serum IgE levels tended to be lower in the GNO group compared to the CO group, suggesting that GNO may have an anti-allergic effect