Daily Living Tasks Affected by Sensory and Motor Problems in Children with Autism Aged 5-12 Years

Background:Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder faces sensory and motor problems (Vestibular, proprioceptive, Tactile, Auditory and visual processing). Due to these problems, individuals faces difficulties in performing their daily task properly. Objective(s):The objective of this study was to determine how daily living (DL) tasks affected in children with  autism Spectrum disorder having sensory and motor problems aged 5-12 years. Methodology:The study conducted in Rehab care school for special children and Hamza Montessori School for special children. Data was collected by using purposing sampling technique in the duration of 4 months. Cross sectional study design was used. 60 patients from both genders were included. Sample selection criteria included the children with autism spectrum disorder with age range of 05-12 years. Sensory profile questionnaire based on Ayers sensory integration theory and Standardized Barthel index scale were used and the data was analyzed by SPSS to determine how daily living task are affected by sensory and motor problems. Results:The results showed that Tactile and auditory processing disorders were highly affecting the performance of the children. About 70% of these individuals were having problems in performing their daily living tasks. Conclusion(s):It was concluded that most of the children with autism spectrum disorder have sensory and motor problems. The performance in activities of daily living is affected by sensory and motor problems especially the tactile and auditory processing. Tactile processing shows that children have difficulty in performing activities like dressing, eating and toileting. Keywords: ASD, DL, Sensory and motor problems DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/92-02 Publication date:August 31st 202

Correlation of Maternal Anemia with Sonographic Placental Thickness

Anemia is a condition in which hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and/or red blood cell (RBC) numbers are lower than normal and insufficient to meet an individual’s physiological needs, it affects roughly one-third of the world’s population.Objective: To correlate the maternal anemia with placental thickness ultrasonographically.Methodology: Toshiba Nemio17 with Convex array transducer 3-5 MHz frequency was used. Patient were in spine position. Measurements of placental thickness were performed in the mid portion of the placenta, perpendicular to its long axis. The study was conducted at Gillani Ultrasound Centre and Mansoorah Teaching Hospital Lahore. Data of 110 patients was collected through cross-sectional, analytical study. Convenient Sampling Technique was used to analyze data. Statistical software for social sciences (SPSS version 22.0) is used for the analysis of data.Results: Out of 110 patients 44.5% patients were in 2nd trimester and 55.5% patients were in their 3rd trimester. In our study 26.4% patients had normal hemoglobin, 43.6% patients were diagnosed with moderate anemia and 30% patients were diagnosed with mild anemia. Hemoglobin rates varied between 7 g/dL to 15.40 g/dL. Placental thickness varied between 10.50mm and to 56.50mm. 9 patients had normal placental thickness, 89 had thick placenta and 12 had thin placenta. In 2nd trimester minimum placental thickness was noted 15.7 mm and maximum placental thickness was 47.2 mm. In 3rd trimester minimum placental thickness was noted as 10.5 mm and maximum thickness 56.5 mm. In normal placental thickness minimum hemoglobin was noted as 7 g/dL and maximum was 15.5 g/dL. In thick placenta minimum hemoglobin noted was; 7.8 g/dL and maximum hemoglobin was 15.4 g/dL. In thin placental thickness minimum hemoglobin was 8.9 g/dL and maximum was 11.2 g/dl. Majority patients came with hemoglobin rates between 8 to 11 (g/dL) and less than 5 patients came with hemoglobin 7 g/dL. In patients with mild anemia mean placental thickness was 30.57 mm. In patients with moderate anemia had mean placental thickness of 33.72 mm and in patients with normal anemia had mean placental thickness of 30.39 mm. Out of 110 patients, 29 had no anemia and from these 3 patients were found with normal placental thickness 4 with thick placenta and 2 were with thin. 81 patients who were diagnosed with anemia had normal placental thickness in 6 patients, 65 had thick placenta and 10 patients were found with thick placenta.Conclusion:We concluded that, maternal anemia has adverse effects on placental thickness and gestational age. In the present study we found that morphological and histological changes in placenta of anemic mother is undertaken, to study the effects of anemia on morphology of placenta and fetal outcomes. Keywords: Ultrasound (US), anemia, placenta, placental thickness DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/81-02 Publication date:October 31st 202

Sonographic Comparison of Portal Vein Diameter in Cirrhotic and Non-Cirrhotic Patients

Background: Liver cirrhosis has become one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. The burden of liver cirrhosis is growing in both the West and the East. In Pakistan death rate of liver cirrhosis is conspicuous because of chronic hepatitis (hepatitis B, C) and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is reported by World Health Organization that Pakistan occupies secondary place in spread of hepatitis C. Objective: To compare the portal vein diameter in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients through ultrasound. Methodology: Ultrasound machine Toshiba Xario, Mindray dp 10 and G logic p5 with a curvilinear transducer of frequency 3.5 MHz was used. The study was conducted at, Hussain Diagnostic Ultrasound Centre Jampur, District Rajanpur. Data of 100 patients was collected through Cross-Sectional Analytical study. Statistical software for social sciences (SPSS version 22.0) is used for the analysis of data. Results: One hundred patients participated in this study. Among them, the minimum age was 30 and the maximum age was 70. Ratio of male patients was more than female patients, due to fact of more alcohol consumption in males. Out of 100 patients, 50 patients had cirrhosis and 50 were non cirrhotic. Liver cirrhosis patients came the severe symptoms like weakness, lethargy, hematemesis and melena. Non cirrhotic patients came with epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. Mean of Portal vein diameter in non-cirrhotic patients was 10.5mm. Mean of  Portal vein diameter in live cirrhosis patients was 14.8mm. A statistical significance difference was found between the two means of portal vein diameter of two groups (cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic) as the p-value 0.000 less than 0.05. Conclusion: Liver cirrhosis is one of the major issues of health and a big reason for increasing mortality rate all over the world. The most common etiology of liver cirrhosis .is .alcohol. Patients come with liver cirrhosis having severe symptoms like weakness, lethargy, hematemesis and melena. Non-cirrhotic patients come with mild symptoms like epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, having normal portal vein diameter. Mean portal vein diameter in cirrhotic patients (14.8mm) was greater than non-cirrhotic patients (10.5mm). Key words: Liver cirrhosis, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), Non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD). DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/76-12 Publication date:June 30th 202

SONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN FEMALES OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE WITH ACUTE PELVIC PAIN

Background: Acute pelvic pain can result from the gynecological, urological systems and/or gastrointestinal. Ultrasound can be used as an initial imaging modality in the evaluation of acute pelvic pain. To determine sonographic findings in females of reproductive age coming with acute pelvic pain. Objective: To determine Sonographic findings in females of reproductive age with acute pelvic pain. Methodology: Toshiba Xario ultrasound machine with a standard gray scale and Doppler ultrasound convex probe of 3.5 MHz – 7.5 MHz or trans-vaginal probe of 5 MHz - 7.5MHz is used. Both transvaginal and trans-abdominal probes were used in this study. The study was conducted at Ultrasound University Clinic, Township, Lahore. Data of 163 patients was collected through convenient sampling. Statistical software for social sciences (SPSS version 22.0) is used for the analysis of data. Results: A total of 163 patients were examined in the study. The age incidence of the cases in this study varied between 15 years to 45 years. The mean age of the patients in the study was 29.8712 years. The uterine fibroid is most commonly involved in acute pelvic pain and is seen in 30.1% cases followed by simple ovarian cyst in 20.2% cases, hemorrhagic cyst in 14.1% cases. 8.6% cases with pelvic pain have no abnormal sonographic findings. Adenomyosis, PID and endometrial polyp in 4.3% each. Endometrial hyperplasia in 3.1%. Follicular cyst, simple adnexal cyst and complex adnexal cyst in 1.8% each, followed by ovarian endometrioma in 0.6% cases and dermoid cyst in 0.6%. In obstetric patients of acute pelvic pain; RPOCs are most common, constituting 1.8% of total acute pelvic pain, molar pregnancy in 1.2%, ectopic pregnancy in 0.6% patients, subchorionic bleed in 0.6% cases. Conclusion: Ultrasound is a very good modality for acute pelvic pain, as it can easily diagnose and characterize the causes of pelvic pain. The wide availability, radiation free and cost effectiveness makes it a first line investigation in acute pelvic pain. In the present study, the most common cause of pelvic pain is uterine fibroid. Key words: Ultrasound (US), Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), acute pelvic pain, retained products of contraceptives (RPOCs), pouch of Douglas (POD). DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/71-14 Publication date: February 29th 202

Phytoremediation of heavy metals from industrially contaminated soil using sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) by inoculation of two indigenous bacteria

The phytoremediation technique is gaining excessive consideration as a promising method to remediate industrially contaminated soils with heavy metals. In this study, a pot experiment was performed in which the ornamental plant Helianthus annus L. was grown in the pots with three concentrations i.e., 0, 5, and 10 % of contaminated soil amended with compost (2 %) in all pots of the experiment following three treatments of bacteria i.e., Co, Stutzerimonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas sundara. After sixty days of the experiment, the plants were harvested and morphological, physiological, antioxidants and pollution parameters were investigated. The plant height and biomass of the sunflower were increased by the inoculation of S. stutzeri and P. sundara. Pigments e.g., chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and proteins of the plants were enhanced. There was an increase in antioxidants e.g., catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and proline content and a decrease in hydrogen peroxide content of plants by inoculation of S. stutzeri and P. sundara. The bacteria boosted the uptake of heavy metals (cadmium, chromium and lead) in parts of plants. Post-harvested soil analysis indicated decreased electronic conductivity, total dissolved solids, bicarbonates and heavy metals in the soil. In the future, the combination of H. annus and bacteria could be a better technique to remediate the heavy metals in industrially polluted soils

Microbe assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by using African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

Phytoremediation is a clean and green potentially cost-effective technology for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soil. In this study, a pot experiment was set up in which ornamental Tagetes erecta L. was grown in the pots with three concentrations i.e., 0, 5, and 10 % of contaminated soil amended with compost (2 %) in all pots of the experiment following three treatments of bacteria i.e., Co, Stutzerimonas stutzeri and Pseudomonas sundara. The experiment was composed of three replicates. After sixty days of the experiment, the plants were harvested. After harvesting morphological, physiological, antioxidants, and pollution parameters were investigated. By the inoculation of the S. stutzeri and P. sundara the height and biomass of the T. erecta enhanced as compared to control. Inoculated bacteria S. stutzeri and P. sundara enhanced the pigments, protein and water content of the plants. Bacteria also enhanced the antioxidants e.g., melatonin, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and proline to minimize oxidative stress as evidenced by the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The plants treated with S. stutzeri and P. sundara absorb high concentrations of heavy metals (chromium, cadmium and lead) in their parts. Post-analysis of the soil showed a decrease in pollution indicators. The results of this study can be used for the management and decontamination of the heavy metal polluted sites with the help of hyperaccumulator ornamental plants by inoculation of bacteria