Pathways for the Development of Future Intelligent Distribution Grids

The next decade will bring several technical and organisational challenges to the electrical distribution grids, which are becoming an important pillar of the energy transition. Distribution system operators will play a crucial role and thus need to find innovative solutions that will prepare them for these changes. Allowing the variations in the size, organisation and technical characteristics of distribution grids, this paper presents the pathways for the distribution system operators developed within the scope of the UNITED-GRID project. These were developed in close cooperation with distribution grids and demonstration sites in the Netherlands, France and Sweden. Investment decision tools based on future scenarios and future-readiness assessment form the first step to steer the distribution system operators towards the necessary technical and digital innovations that increase the observability and controllability of the grid. Secondly, the guidelines present new types of business models that can be integrated into the operators’ portfolios. Thirdly, a workshop methodology is proposed to define the new internal requirements that make distribution system operators more agile to face the fast impacts of the energy transition. Case studies from the demonstration sites are used as examples in the paper

The social power grid : The role of institutions for decentralizing the electricity grid

The world’s existing electricity grids face several challenges if they are to continue to provide a stable supply in the future. Aging electricity grids and the massive implementation of renewable sources require a different flexibility and robustness of future grids. Large amounts of renewable sources are implemented locally and on a small scale, increasing pressure on distribution grids to manage variable generation and bi-directional power flows. A decentralized electricity system includes both new technological designs as well as social re-organizations where prosumers become more prominent in the development and responsibilities of the electricity system. The existing centralized electricity system is fundamentally different from the decentralized, and the transformation requires an institutional framework which support the logics of decentralized technologies and organizations. Some technologies which are relevant for a decentralized electricity system include solar PV and MGs. The aim of the thesis is to investigate how the transformation toward a decentralized electricity system affects and is affected by informal institutions among relevant actors, specifically prosumers, and formal institutions related to the existing electricity system. To guide the aim this research uses a conceptual framework stemming from the theoretical field of sustainability transitions with a special emphasis on institutions. The results show that a wide variety of experienced values enhances the positive experiences with solar PV technology and thus prosumers increase their engagement and responsibilities in their own electricity system. Moreover, the values are used to enhance the positive narrative of the niche and thereby increase the attractiveness for external actors. In the formative developing field of community MGs, institutions play an important role. Informal institutions shape the formal institutional development, which also influences the informal institutions in return, by enhancing opportunities for certain groups, such as the energy democracy movement, to reach out with their message. Thus, it is concluded that informal institutions play a significant role in the development of a decentralized electricity system, affecting several niche development parameters and influencing the initial trajectories to further develop. Moreover, it is concluded that institutional developments are crucial for the development of community MGs and that informal institutional developments within communities are shaping the formal institutional developments in the sector.   

Disruptive power : How distributed energy resources shape organizations and value logics in the future of electricity systems

The electricity sector faces its largest transformation since its beginning about a century ago. Combinations of ageing electricity networks, removal of fossil supply sources and electrification of industry and transport sectors require vast efforts at all levels of society. Increasing renewable supply and demand sources means the growth of distributed energy resources. This thesis explores what this transformation means for society; how it affects the traditional actors and “new” active users in the energy system. Traditional actors include electrical utilities and distribution system operators; the “new” actors include different types of prosumers such as property companies and communities. In addition, the thesis investigates the nature of the energy transition towards an increasingly decentralized organization with the ultimate goal of increasing understanding of the potential values, organizational demands, institutional setup, and role changes required for this transformation. To investigate this, the thesis departs from theories of sustainable transition and applies analytical frameworks to different local energy systems cases, specifically small-scale solar PV plants and microgrids. The chosen empirical areas are motivated both by the recent growth in these technologies and that their features enable a complete decentralized energy system configuration, which is interesting as an extreme case in energy transition. Findings are presented in four different articles. One conclusion is that values from distributed energy resources go beyond what the current centralized system is able to provide.  Both traditional as well as “new” actors can benefit from these values, although it requires an understanding and endorsement of alternative “value logics” stemming from prosumer-oriented configurations. Further, the findings show the relation between values, engagement, and evolvement of roles and responsibilities for local energy systems.  These can be utilized by policymakers who desire to expand the renewable energy sector and, at the same time, increase incentives for users to actively engage in the energy system. However, the findings also show deep lock-ins in current centralized structures, both organizationally and institutionally, which need to be managed to realize the full potential of distributed energy resources. The thesis does, however, contribute with examples of proactive cases which can be utilized to learn from and create abilities among actors to transform along the decentralized energy transition pathway

Disruptive power : How distributed energy resources shape organizations and value logics in the future of electricity systems

The electricity sector faces its largest transformation since its beginning about a century ago. Combinations of ageing electricity networks, removal of fossil supply sources and electrification of industry and transport sectors require vast efforts at all levels of society. Increasing renewable supply and demand sources means the growth of distributed energy resources. This thesis explores what this transformation means for society; how it affects the traditional actors and “new” active users in the energy system. Traditional actors include electrical utilities and distribution system operators; the “new” actors include different types of prosumers such as property companies and communities. In addition, the thesis investigates the nature of the energy transition towards an increasingly decentralized organization with the ultimate goal of increasing understanding of the potential values, organizational demands, institutional setup, and role changes required for this transformation. To investigate this, the thesis departs from theories of sustainable transition and applies analytical frameworks to different local energy systems cases, specifically small-scale solar PV plants and microgrids. The chosen empirical areas are motivated both by the recent growth in these technologies and that their features enable a complete decentralized energy system configuration, which is interesting as an extreme case in energy transition. Findings are presented in four different articles. One conclusion is that values from distributed energy resources go beyond what the current centralized system is able to provide.  Both traditional as well as “new” actors can benefit from these values, although it requires an understanding and endorsement of alternative “value logics” stemming from prosumer-oriented configurations. Further, the findings show the relation between values, engagement, and evolvement of roles and responsibilities for local energy systems.  These can be utilized by policymakers who desire to expand the renewable energy sector and, at the same time, increase incentives for users to actively engage in the energy system. However, the findings also show deep lock-ins in current centralized structures, both organizationally and institutionally, which need to be managed to realize the full potential of distributed energy resources. The thesis does, however, contribute with examples of proactive cases which can be utilized to learn from and create abilities among actors to transform along the decentralized energy transition pathway

Cleantech System Solutions - A case study on how to manage the necessary knowledge to prepare for a transaction

Climate change and a growing awareness from governments, industry and citizens have led to an increased growth of the cleantech sector, with the goal to reduce the industrialized world’s impact on the environment. There are a number of Swedish system solutions based on clean technologies which to a large extent are at the forefront of the industry. The Swedish government has put forward an ambitious goal that Sweden should become a role model in cleantech system solutions and is striving to increase the export of these system solutions. There is a large amount of knowledge in cleantech system solutions that is important to manage and prepare before a solution can be transacted and commercialized. With the development of the knowledge based economy, knowledge transactions become essential. This cannot be ignored in the knowledge intensive cleantech sector and to strategically manage the valuable knowledge is necessary in order to appropriate the value of celantech system solutions in the commercialization. The aim of the study is to increase the understanding of the relevant factors that influence the management of the necessary knowledge in cleantech system solution. Thus, the main research question for this study is: How can necessary knowledge in a cleantech system solution be managed to prepare for a transaction of the solution? The method used to investigating this research question is a qualitative case study with interviews, observations and review of relevant documents from an in-depth case study of BIOAGRO ENERGY AB, a system solution in the field of biomass-pellet production. The focus of the thesis has been to combine previous research in the field with the gathered empirical data to generate a theory over the relevant factors that affect how the necessary knowledge can be managed and prepared. In the theory construction process, systematic combining has been used to develop the theoretical framework with insights from empirical data and vice versa. The results from the study show that in order to manage the large bulk of knowledge in a cleantech system solution it is necessary to deconstruct the knowledge parts that create the complete system solution. The knowledge parts vary in their nature, type and application. The research also show that assessing the knowledge parts based on the uniqueness, optimization stage, imitability, substitutability, IPR based control, secrecy-based control and ownership clarity is important, since all these criterions are found to have relevant impact in a potential transaction of the system solution. The results also show that managing the relationship between the actors involved in the development of the system solution is essential to control the knowledge. By using a combination of legal structures, such as IPRs, trade secrets and contractual measures as well as alternative supporting actions, can the necessary knowledge in a system solution can be controlled and managed in a transaction.MSc in Intellectual Capital Managemen

D2.1 Sociala hinder & drivkrafter i ett inledande skede av två svenska energigemenskaper : Rapport i projektet Systemförändring med lokalt delad energi

Omställningen mot ett förnybart energisystem har inom EU gjort energigemenskaper högaktuella sedan två direktiv, Förnybarhetsdirektivet och Elmarknadsdirektivet, beskrivit dessa som ett sätt att dela och göra gemensamma investeringar i lokala energiresurser. Denna studie tittar på två svenska piloter av begynnande energigemenskaper, Tamarinden och Hammarby Sjöstad, och har ett särskilt fokus på sociala hinder och drivkrafter för bildandet av dessa, vilket exempelvis inkluderar hur samverkan sker mellan deltagande aktörer. Syftet med studien är såldes att undersöka aktörers syn på att medverka i, eller bidraga till, energigemenskaper i ett inledande skede. Tamarinden är ett nybyggnadsområde i Örebro som inkluderar fem olika byggaktörer och leds av Örebro kommun. Hammarby Sjöstad är ett befintligt bostadsområde i Stockholm som inkluderar bostadsrättsföreningar samt näringsidkare, där initiativet kommer från intresseorganisationen ElectriCITY. I studien har under 2022 byggaktörer, bostadsrättsföreningar och näringsidkare intervjuats, samt respektive energi- och nätbolag i de två områdena. Resultaten visar att det finns flera drivkrafter till att delta i en energigemenskap såsom att erhålla ekonomiska fördelar, minska energianvändning, ökad hållbarhet samt innovationskraft. Olika förutsättningar i piloterna och hos de medverkande aktörerna har dock stor betydelse för möjligheten till aktivt deltagande samt i vilken grad energigemenskapen upplevs möjliggöra olika nyttor. De inkluderar storlek och ekonomisk situation hos aktörerna, fysiska förutsättningar såsom yta för installationer, kunskaper och erfarenheter av energiprojekt, och i vilken utsträckning det finns erfarenheter och vilja till samskapande. Dessa olikheter kan också vara en tillgång just vid delandet av lokala resurser då enskilda aktörers olika förutsättningar kan komplettera varandra. Hinder inkluderar en ökad komplexitet då samverkan krävs mellan flera olika aktörer, vilket är särskilt utmärkande för det initiala skedet vid bildandet som kräver stort engagemang och förtroendeskapande processer. Andra hinder rör osäkra investeringar, framtida marknadsutveckling och hur kostnads- och intäktströmmarna ser ut, samt hur delning kommer te sig i praktiken med liknande brukarprofiler, liksom hur engagemanget upprätthålls på sikt i energigemenskapen. I det initiala skedet är det tydligt att en avgörande faktor har varit de koordinerande och drivande aktörerna i båda piloterna. I Hammarby Sjöstads fall är denna organisation ElectriCITY och viktiga beståndsdelar i detta ledarskap har varit kunskapsförmedling, leverantörsnätverk samt aktiviteter för att främja deltagande och engagemang hos de boende i området. För Tamarinden är det Örebro kommun tillsammans med ÖrebroBostäder som lett processen framåt där framtagande av kunskaper för beslutsunderlag samt en formell samverkansstruktur för de olika byggaktörerna har varit viktiga. De intervjuade energi- och nätbolagen följer utvecklingen av energigemenskaper med intresse och försöker hitta sin roll relaterat till dessa lokala organisationer. Dock lyfts ett antal utmaningar rörande kunskaps- och ansvarsfrågor kring investeringar, drift av det lokala energisystemet samt effekter på det kringliggande elnätet från energigemenskaperna. Slutligen finns det i denna studie en mängd insikter och en bredd i både förutsättningar och typer av aktörer som ingår i de båda piloterna vilket tillsammans med forskningsprojektets övriga resultat och uppföljande studier bereder väg för konkreta medskick till aktörer och organisationer som önskar bilda energigemenskaper i framtiden.”Systemförändring med lokalt delad energi – en samhällsekonomiskt lönsam modell” är ett forskningsprojekt finansierat av Energimyndigheten inom programmet Pilot och demo.</p

D2.1 Sociala hinder &amp; drivkrafter i ett inledande skede av två svenska energigemenskaper : Rapport i projektet Systemförändring med lokalt delad energi

Omställningen mot ett förnybart energisystem har inom EU gjort energigemenskaper högaktuella sedan två direktiv, Förnybarhetsdirektivet och Elmarknadsdirektivet, beskrivit dessa som ett sätt att dela och göra gemensamma investeringar i lokala energiresurser. Denna studie tittar på två svenska piloter av begynnande energigemenskaper, Tamarinden och Hammarby Sjöstad, och har ett särskilt fokus på sociala hinder och drivkrafter för bildandet av dessa, vilket exempelvis inkluderar hur samverkan sker mellan deltagande aktörer. Syftet med studien är såldes att undersöka aktörers syn på att medverka i, eller bidraga till, energigemenskaper i ett inledande skede. Tamarinden är ett nybyggnadsområde i Örebro som inkluderar fem olika byggaktörer och leds av Örebro kommun. Hammarby Sjöstad är ett befintligt bostadsområde i Stockholm som inkluderar bostadsrättsföreningar samt näringsidkare, där initiativet kommer från intresseorganisationen ElectriCITY. I studien har under 2022 byggaktörer, bostadsrättsföreningar och näringsidkare intervjuats, samt respektive energi- och nätbolag i de två områdena. Resultaten visar att det finns flera drivkrafter till att delta i en energigemenskap såsom att erhålla ekonomiska fördelar, minska energianvändning, ökad hållbarhet samt innovationskraft. Olika förutsättningar i piloterna och hos de medverkande aktörerna har dock stor betydelse för möjligheten till aktivt deltagande samt i vilken grad energigemenskapen upplevs möjliggöra olika nyttor. De inkluderar storlek och ekonomisk situation hos aktörerna, fysiska förutsättningar såsom yta för installationer, kunskaper och erfarenheter av energiprojekt, och i vilken utsträckning det finns erfarenheter och vilja till samskapande. Dessa olikheter kan också vara en tillgång just vid delandet av lokala resurser då enskilda aktörers olika förutsättningar kan komplettera varandra. Hinder inkluderar en ökad komplexitet då samverkan krävs mellan flera olika aktörer, vilket är särskilt utmärkande för det initiala skedet vid bildandet som kräver stort engagemang och förtroendeskapande processer. Andra hinder rör osäkra investeringar, framtida marknadsutveckling och hur kostnads- och intäktströmmarna ser ut, samt hur delning kommer te sig i praktiken med liknande brukarprofiler, liksom hur engagemanget upprätthålls på sikt i energigemenskapen. I det initiala skedet är det tydligt att en avgörande faktor har varit de koordinerande och drivande aktörerna i båda piloterna. I Hammarby Sjöstads fall är denna organisation ElectriCITY och viktiga beståndsdelar i detta ledarskap har varit kunskapsförmedling, leverantörsnätverk samt aktiviteter för att främja deltagande och engagemang hos de boende i området. För Tamarinden är det Örebro kommun tillsammans med ÖrebroBostäder som lett processen framåt där framtagande av kunskaper för beslutsunderlag samt en formell samverkansstruktur för de olika byggaktörerna har varit viktiga. De intervjuade energi- och nätbolagen följer utvecklingen av energigemenskaper med intresse och försöker hitta sin roll relaterat till dessa lokala organisationer. Dock lyfts ett antal utmaningar rörande kunskaps- och ansvarsfrågor kring investeringar, drift av det lokala energisystemet samt effekter på det kringliggande elnätet från energigemenskaperna. Slutligen finns det i denna studie en mängd insikter och en bredd i både förutsättningar och typer av aktörer som ingår i de båda piloterna vilket tillsammans med forskningsprojektets övriga resultat och uppföljande studier bereder väg för konkreta medskick till aktörer och organisationer som önskar bilda energigemenskaper i framtiden.”Systemförändring med lokalt delad energi – en samhällsekonomiskt lönsam modell” är ett forskningsprojekt finansierat av Energimyndigheten inom programmet Pilot och demo.</p

Microgrid communities : disclosing the path to future system-active communities

To increase sustainability in future energy systems, both technical and social measures must be taken. Microgrid communities offer local balancing of supply and demand, while also integrating the community as an active part of the energy system. This study investigates two cases of microgrid communities; how they were realized and what wider effects they offered its communities and other stakeholders. The study shows that the microgrid collaboration between community and utility offers a new organizational division that can overcome the traditional locked-in position of the utility. This brings forward communities as system-active participants and a sustainably beneficial energy system for the future. © 2022 The Author(s

The role of values for niche expansion : the case of solar photovoltaics on large buildings in Sweden

Background Solar photovoltaic (PV) plants can contribute to the transformation of the electricity system in Sweden not only by adding capacity, but also by forming new decentralized ownership structures and involving new actors. This article focuses on solar PV plants on larger buildings, which represent a significant share of the installed capacity (although the total capacity is still very low in Sweden) and which have a good future potential. We are interested in the reasons owners of large buildings have for investing in solar PV plants, despite the fact that they face a complex regulatory situation. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to identify added values from solar PV plants for large buildings and to see how these values contribute to the ongoing expansion of the solar PV niche in Sweden. We use sustainability transitions as the theoretical point of departure and focus particularly on the role of values in an expanding niche. Data was collected via 15 semi-structured interviews, mainly with large building owners. It provides an interesting empirical case of the pioneers within the actor group of large building owners who potentially can play an important role in the expansion of solar PV technology in Sweden. Theoretically, the article contributes to the sustainable transition research field by demonstrating how values are developed and affect the niche-regime interplay. Results The findings demonstrate that owning a solar PV plant adds values such as sustainability, fair cost, and induced innovativeness. These values have an effect on niche expansion by contributing for example to the development of a social network, new role development, positive niche narrative, and niche empowerment. Conclusions We conclude that the broad set of values added by solar PV plants on large buildings increases the desire and enhances the positive experience to take on a new role development. Furthermore, we conclude that added values contribute to developing a social identity which is important when expanding the social network around the niche. Finally, we conclude that added values shape the positive niche narrative among niche advocates and give direction for policy development related to the niche

Unpacking the complexity of community microgrids: A review of institutions’ roles for development of microgrids

Community microgrids implemented in existing electricity grids can meet both development targets set out in the Paris agreement: 1. mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through increased implementation of renewable energy sources, and 2. to adapt to climate related disturbances and risk of catastrophes. Community microgrids are, however, complex to implement and institutional change is needed to reach their full potential. The purpose of this article is to review existing literature and analyze institutional developments influencing the growth of community microgrids. The literature describes a concentration of microgrid activities in specific regions: USA, EU, Asia and Australia. Varying reasons for implementing community microgrids were found in the different regions but similar institutional developments occurred, albeit with differing emphasis due to contextual specificities. Formal directions do however influence informal institutions even though their aims differ. Power utilities stand out as a critical actor and both formal and informal institutions put pressure on utilities to update their traditional business models. This article illustrates how informal and formal institutions play a significant role in the growth of community microgrids in existing electricity grids and provide interesting examples which can be utilized by policymakers. Microgrid development is still in a formative phase and further institutional change in the form of updated regulations is needed