Exports LED Growth:A Case Study of Pakistan

Impact of exports on economic development remain an interesting topic for the economist. International trade expresses the economic growth of any nation (Marshall, 1890). According to one more economist Nurkse world business is engine of growth (1961). Bhagwati in 1973 stated that efficiency in trade and its international expansion can be obtained through free trade of services as well as goods. Empirical studies have proven a positive and significant relationship between economic development and exports of any country. Therefore, economist pay more focus on expansion of exports in order to develop the economy of the country. In addition, for expansion of exports, it is not compulsory that country blessed with a large scale of natural resources can only obtain this. But countries with less resources may also enhance the exports through effective policy making. Bhagwati and Krueger are of the view that liberalization of exchange can be obtained by arrangement which declines the opposing force to fare inclination. Edwards in 1993 expressed that fare grants, import duties with addition of exchange bends as liberal exchange administration.  An extensive variety of the studies gives confirmation that the openness of the exchange administration has a positive companionship with GDP development (Ahmed and Anoruo (2000), Edwards (1998), Edwards (1992), Harrison (1996), Iscan (1998), Wacziarg (2001), Yanikkaya (2003). In perspective of above conflicting discoveries, it is better to reevaluate this issue in the connection of Pakistan economy. Researchers are more interested in tentative relationship between investment enlargement and exchange plainness

Risk Management by Choosing Stock in Portfolio

Portfolio Management requires a process that engages the expertise of the various stake holders in the organization and a system to provide the analytical support for the process. A well-thought-out process tailored for the organization takes care of the people issues and ensures buy-in for the selected portfolio strategy. Most of the existing portfolios are not developed to handle a portfolio of assets /securities when considering risks and opportunities. This is due to the fact that the expertise required developing portfolio of assets /securities are not processed by individual. When using these single portfolio processes, it is up to the experience of the organization and foremost project managers to find links between assets/securities in portfolio. The scope of a single security investment seems insufficient, and a more holistic. Therefore, existing risk management processes are considered insufficient due to the focus on a single asset/security risk management. In this study it is tried to conclude different levels of risks and opportunities within a portfolio of assets/Securities that can be managed by identifying positive or negative relation between each other. Keywords: Portfolio, Risk, Risk Management, Stock Price

ROLE OF PROBIOTICS IN PREVENTION OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS AMONG PRETERM NEONATES.

Background; Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is the most commonly occurring gastrointestinal emergency in preterm infants. This study was conducted to determine frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants less 1.5 Kg taking probiotics at a tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods; Consecutive 270 preterm neonates having weight less than 1.5 Kg was taken in this descriptive case – series study. Once registered, the study cases were fed with Infloran (Lactobacillus acidophilus) and Bifidobacterium infants, 125 mg/kg per dose was given twice daily with breast milk until discharged and were followed for two weeks to see NEC. The amount of feeding was advanced slowly if tolerated, with no more than 20 mL/kg per day increment per day. These study cases were followed for 15 days to record outcome variable i.e. NEC. Data was analyzed by using SPSS Version 20. Results; Of these 270 study cases, 139 (51.5%) were boys while 131 (48.5%) were girls. Mean gestational age of our study cases was 29.61 ± 2.66 weeks (with minimum gestational age was 24 weeks while maximum gestational age was 34 weeks). Of these 270 study cases, 147 belonged to urban areas and most of our study cases i.e. 179 (66.3%) were poor, 79 (29.3%) were from middle income families and only 12 (4.4%) belonged to rich families. Mean weight of our study cases was 1312.85 ± 78.66 grams. Mean maternal age was noted to 27.91 ± 4.24 years, 170 (62.96 %) mothers were less than 30 years of age and most of these mothers were illiterate i.e. 191 (70.7%). Majority of these mothers i.e. 170 (62.96 %) had parity less than 3. Mean duration on probiotics was noted to be 14.88 ± 1.38 days. Necrotizing enterocolitis was noted in 15 (5.6%) of our study cases. Conclusion; Our study results have shown that frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was low in preterm infants using probiotics. The use of probiotics was effective in the prevention of NEC and our study results support the use of probiotics in these infants. Probiotics were found to be safe, reliable and efficacious in our study. NEC was significantly associated with gender, gestational age, residential status, poor socioeconomic status, increasing maternal age and parity and duration on probiotics. Keywords; Probiotics, necrotizing enterocolitis, preterm infants

Effects of Online Shopping Trends on Consumer-Buying Behaviour: An Empirical Study of Pakistan

This research paper examines the relationship between various factors that affect the consumer behavior towards online shopping. Online shopping refers to the recent trends of being able to buy everything from home. The focus of this research is to explain the influence of five major variables that were derived from literature. These variables are trust, time, product variety, convenience and privacy, which determine how consumer-buying behavior is reflecting online shopping trends. Data was collected through the use of a specified measuring instrument. This instrument was a completely self-developed and standardized questionnaire that comprised of two sections. The statistical analysis of the data reflects that trust and convenience will have great impact on the decision to buy online or not. Trust is been considered as the most relevant factor affecting the customer’s buying behavior towards online shopping when it comes to younger generation

IDENTIFICATION OF PATTERN AND BURDEN OF CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS AMONG CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS.

Background; Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a common bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis and ascities with in-hospital mortality rates ranging from 20 to 30%. Early diagnosis and a prompt antibiotic therapy have considerably decreased the mortality rate and this study was done to determine drug resistance pattern among causative organisms of SBP. Objective; To determine the frequency of different causative organisms of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and their sensitivity pattern in patients with liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods; A total of 183 patients with liver cirrhosis having SBP were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was conducted at department of Medicine. Patients were subjected to ascitic fluid tap, under aseptic measures by inserting a needle of 22 / 18 gauge in the left flank of abdomen. Ten ml of ascitic fluid was aspirated in a heparinised disposable syringe; which was immediately inoculated into blood culture bottle at bedside and send for bacterial culture and causative organisms was tested for their antibiotic drug resistance pattern. Data was entered and analyzed by computer program SPSS-18. Results; Of these 183 study cases, 103 (56.3%) were male patients while 80 (43.7%) were female patients. Mean age of our study cases was 51.73 ± 9.28 years. Previous history of use of antibiotics before 72 hours was noted in 103 (56.3%), anti – HCV was positive in 103 (56.3%) while HBs Ag was positive in 13.7% of our study cases. Among these study cases, E.coli was noted in 135 (73.8%), Staph. Aureus in 17.5% and Klebsiella was noted in 8.7%. Chloramphenicol was resistant in 24 (13.1%), ampicillin was resistant in 143 (78.1%), co – trimoxazole in 61.2%, ciprofloxacin in 55.7%, Ofloxacin in 56.3%, Cefotaxime was resistant in 78.1% and amoxicillin was resistant in 74.9%. Conclusion; Our study results have indicated that E.coli was major causative organisms among patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis having cirrhosis of liver followed by staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella. High degree of drug resistance was observed among  these strains in our study which points towards well directed efforts of our health policy makers to adopt certain guidelines regarding use of these drugs in our population. Keywords; Cirrhosis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, E. coli

On the promotion of catalytic reactions by surface acoustic waves

Surface acoustic waves (SAW) allow to manipulate surfaces with potential applications in catalysis,sensor and nanotechnology.SAWswere shown to cause astrong increase in catalytic activity and selectivity in many oxidation and decomposition reactions on metallic and oxidic catalysts. However,the promotion mechanism has not been unambiguously identified. Using stroboscopic X-ray photoelectron spectro-microscopy, we were able to evidence asub-nano-second work function change during propagation of 500 MHz SAWs on a9nm thick platinum film. We quantify the work function change to 455 meV.Such asmall variation rules out that electronic effects due to elastic deformation (strain) play amajor role in the SAW-induced promotion of catalysis.In asecond set of experiments,SAW-induced intermixing of afive monolayers thick Rh film on top of polycrystalline platinum was demonstrated to be due to enhanced thermal diffusion caused by an increase of the surface temperature by about 75 K when SAWs were excited. Reversible surface structural changes are suggested to be amajor cause for catalytic promotion

Resonant and Off-Resonant Magnetoacoustic Waves in Epitaxial Fe3Si/GaAs Hybrid Structures

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) provide an efficient dynamical coupling between strain and magnetization in micro- and nanometric systems. Using a hybrid device composed of a piezoelectric, GaAs, and a ferromagnetic Heusler alloy thin film, Fe3Si, we are able to quantify the amplitude of magnetoacoustic waves generated with SAWs via magnetic imaging in an x-ray photoelectron microscope. The cubic anisotropy of the sample, together with a low damping coefficient, allows for the observation of resonant and nonresonant magnetoelastic coupling. Additionally, via micromagnetic simulation, we verify the experimental behavior and quantify the magnetoelastic shear strain component in Fe3Si, which appears to be large (b2=10±4MJm−3)

Study of the magnetoelastic effect in nickel and cobalt thin films at GHz range using x-ray microscopy

We use surface acoustic waves of 1 and 3 GHz in hybrid piezoelectric-magnetic systems with either nickel or cobalt as a magnetic layer to generate magnetoacoustic waves and directly image them using stroboscopic x-ray magnetic circular dichroism imaging. Our measurements visualize and quantify the amplitudes of both acoustic and magnetic components of the magnetoacoustic waves, which are generated in the ferromagnetic layer and can propagate over millimeter distances. Additionally, we quantified the magnetoelastic strain component for nickel and cobalt through micromagnetic simulations

Magneto-Acoustic Waves in antiferromagnetic CuMnAs excited by Surface Acoustic Waves

Magnetoelastic effects in antiferromagnetic CuMnAs are investigated by applying dynamic strain in the 0.01% range through surface acoustic waves in the GaAs substrate. The magnetic state of the CuMnAs/GaAs is characterized by a multitude of submicron-sized domains which we image by x-ray magnetic linear dichroism combined with photoemission electron microscopy. Within the explored strain range, CuMnAs shows magnetoelastic effects in the form of N\'eel vector waves with micrometer wavelength, which corresponds to an averaged overall spin-axis rotation up to 2.4 deg driven by the time-dependent strain from the surface acoustic wave. Measurements at different temperatures indicate a reduction of the wave amplitude when lowering the temperature. However, no domain wall motion has been detected on the nanosecond timescal

Néel vector waves in antiferromagnetic CuMnAs excited by surface acoustic waves

Magnetoelastic effects in antiferromagnetic CuMnAs are investigated by applying dynamic strain in the 0.01% range through surface acoustic waves in the GaAs substrate. The magnetic state of the CuMnAs/GaAs is characterized by a multitude of submicron-sized domains, which we image by x-ray magnetic linear dichroism combined with photoemission electron microscopy. Within the explored strain range, CuMnAs shows magnetoelastic effects in the form of Néel vector waves with micrometer wavelength, which corresponds to an averaged overall spin-axis rotation up to 2.4∘ driven by the time-dependent strain from the surface acoustic wave. Measurements at different temperatures indicate a reduction of the wave amplitude when lowering the temperature. However, no domain wall motion has been detected on the nanosecond timescale