Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser at Different Output Powers on the Micromorphology and the Bond Property of Non-Carious Sclerotic Dentin to Resin Composites

<div><p>Background</p><p>The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiated at different powers on the micromorphology and the bonding property of non-carious sclerotic dentin to resin composites.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Two hundred bovine incisors characterized by non-carious sclerotic dentin were selected, and the seventy-two teeth of which for surface morphological analysis were divided into nine groups according to various treatments (A: the control group, B: only treated with the adhesive Adper Easy One, C: diamond bur polishing followed by Adper Easy One, D-I: Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiating at 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W, 5W, 6W output power, respectively, followed by Adper Easy One). The surface roughness values were measured by the non-contact three-dimensional morphology scanner, then the surface micromorphologies of surfaces in all groups were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); meanwhile, Image Pro-Plus 6.0 software was used to measure the relative percentage of open tubules on SEM images. The rest, one hundred twenty-eight teeth for bond strength test, were divided into eight groups according to the different treatments (A: only treated with the adhesive Adper Easy One, B: diamond bur polishing followed by the above adhesive, C-H: Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiating at 1 W, 2 W, 3 W, 4 W, 5 W, 6 W output power, respectively, followed by the above adhesive), and each group was subsequently divided into two subgroups according to whether aging is performed (immediately tested and after thermocycling). Micro-shear bond strength test was used to evaluate the bond strength.</p><p>Results</p><p>The 4W laser group showed the highest roughness value (30.84±1.93μm), which was statistically higher than the control group and the diamond bur groups (p<0.05). The mean percentages ((27.8±1.8)%, (28.0±2.2)%, (30.0±1.9)%) of open tubules area in the 4W, 5W, 6W group were higher than other groups (p<0.05). The 4W laser group showed the highest micro-shear bond strength not only in immediately tested (17.60±2.55 PMa) but after thermocycling (14.35±2.08MPa).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 4W power can effectively improve the bonding property between non-carious sclerotic dentin and resin composites by increasing the roughness and mean percentage area of open tubules.</p></div

SEM micrographs of non-carious sclerotic dentin in all groups.

<p>(A) The control group without any treatment; (B) Adper Easy One adhesive treatment; (C) Diamond bur polishing followed by Adper Easy One adhesive application; (D, E, F, G, H, and I) Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation at 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W, 5W, and 6 W, respectively, and followed by Adper Easy One adhesive application. (magnification, 5000×).</p

Representative 3D images of non-carious sclerotic dentin surfaces in all groups.

<p>(A) The control group without any treatment; (B) Adper Easy One adhesive treatment; (C) Diamond bur polishing followed by the application.of Adper Easy One adhesive; (D, E, F, G, H, and I) Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation at 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W, 5W, and 6 W, respectively, and followed by the application of Adper Easy One adhesive.</p

North Carolina dentin sclerosis scale.

<p>Based on the scale developed by Dr. Steven E. Duke of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and modified by the Department of Operative Dentistry at the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142311#pone.0142311.ref029" target="_blank">29</a>].</p><p>North Carolina dentin sclerosis scale.</p

Mean surface roughness values of non-carious sclerotic dentin in all groups.

<p>(A) The control group without any treatment; (B) Adper Easy One adhesive treatment; (C) Diamond bur polishing followed by the application.of Adper Easy One adhesive; (D, E, F, G, H, and I) Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation at 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W, 5W, and 6 W, respectively, and followed by the application of Adper Easy One adhesive.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of The effects of short-term high-fat feeding on exercise capacity: multi-tissue transcriptome changes by RNA sequencing analysis

List of Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR. (DOC 57 kb

Overexpression of miR-155 in the Liver of Transgenic Mice Alters the Expression Profiling of Hepatic Genes Associated with Lipid Metabolism

<div><p>Hepatic expression profiling has revealed miRNA changes in liver diseases, while hepatic miR-155 expression was increased in murine non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, suggesting that miR-155 might regulate the biological process of lipid metabolism. To illustrate the effects of miR-155 gain of function in transgenic mouse liver on lipid metabolism, transgenic mice (i.e., Rm155LG mice) for the conditional overexpression of mouse miR-155 transgene mediated by Cre/lox P system were firstly generated around the world in this study. Rm155LG mice were further crossed to Alb-Cre mice to realize the liver-specific overexpression of miR-155 transgene in Rm155LG/Alb-Cre double transgenic mice which showed the unaltered body weight, liver weight, epididymal fat pad weight and gross morphology and appearance of liver. Furthermore, liver-specific overexpression of miR-155 transgene resulted in significantly reduced levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), as well as remarkably decreased contents of hepatic lipid, TG, HDL and free fatty acid in Rm155LG/Alb-Cre transgenic mice. More importantly, microarray data revealed a general downward trend in the expression profile of hepatic genes with functions typically associated with fatty acid, cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, which is likely at least partially responsible for serum cholesterol and triglyceride lowering observed in Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice. In this study, we demonstrated that hepatic overexpression of miR-155 alleviated nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet. Additionally, carboxylesterase 3/triacylglycerol hydrolase (Ces3/TGH) was identified as a direct miR-155 target gene that is potentially responsible for the partial liver phenotypes observed in Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice. Taken together, these data from miR-155 gain of function study suggest, for what we believe is the first time, the altered lipid metabolism and provide new insights into the metabolic state of the liver in Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice.</p></div

Microarray revealed the altered hepatic lipid metabolism genes in the liver of Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Class comparison and hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed hepatic lipid metabolism-related genes between Rm155LG/Alb-Cre and control mouse liver. A cluster heat map for hepatic lipid metabolism-related genes (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118417#pone.0118417.s010" target="_blank">S6 Table</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118417#pone.0118417.s011" target="_blank">S7 Table</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118417#pone.0118417.s012" target="_blank">S8 Table</a>) is shown. Other details as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118417#pone.0118417.s002" target="_blank">S2 Fig</a>. (<b>B-C</b>) Gene ontology (GO) (B) and KEGG pathway (C) analyses of up- and down-regulated genes between Rm155LG/Alb-Cre and control mouse liver. Genes with expression changes of greater than 2-fold with P values below 0.05 were identified and classified using GO categories.</p

Enforced expression of miR-155 in the liver of Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice improved HFD-induced hepatic steatosis.

<p><b>(A)</b> Body weight of Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice and controls fed normal chow diet or HFD. <b>(B)</b> Liver weight of Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice vs. controls fed normal chow diet or HFD. <b>(C)</b> H&E staining and ORO staining of liver sections from control and Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice. <b>(D-G)</b> Quantification of TC and TG in the serum and liver of control and Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice fed either chow diet or HFD. Data are mean±SD (n = 6–8). Other details as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0118417#pone.0118417.g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>.</p

Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice improved lipid metabolism in liver.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Body weight of Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice and controls at different ages. (<b>B</b>) Relative liver weight of Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice vs. controls. (<b>C</b>) Adult Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mouse (right) and control (left) fed a normal diet. (<b>D</b>) Gross morphology of Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mouse (right) and control (left) livers. <b>(E)</b> H&E staining and Oil red O (ORO) staining of liver sections from control and Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice. (<b>F</b>) Quantification of TC, TG, HDL and FFA storage in the liver of control and Rm155LG/Alb-Cre mice. TC, total cholesterols; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FFA, free fatty acids. Data are mean±SD (n = 9–10). Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed student t-test.</p