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Angel investor's selection criteria: a comparative institutional perspective
Despite the important role of angel investors as critical financial providers for new ventures, little is known regarding how institutions make their investment decisions. While angels make decisions based on selection criteria during the first stage, they are also embedded within and affected by different institutional settings and as a result weight these criteria differently than other investors. We compare angel investors' selection criteria in China and Denmark using the comparative institutional perspective. We use a policy capturing approach and hierarchy linear modeling, revealing that since Chinese angels are embedded within relationship-based institutional settings they tend to reply more on strong ties such as family and friends in management team, as well as weighting risks less compared to Danish angels operating within more rule-based institutional contexts
Co-optation & Clientelism: Nested Distributive Politics in Chinaâs Single-Party Dictatorship
What explains the persistent growth of public employment in reform-era
China despite repeated and forceful downsizing campaigns? Why do some provinces
retain more public employees and experience higher rates of bureaucratic expansion
than others? Among electoral regimes, the creation and distribution of public jobs is
typically attributed to the politics of vote buying and multi-party competition. Electoral
factors, however, cannot explain the patterns observed in Chinaâs single-party dictatorship. This study highlights two nested factors that influence public employment in
China: party co-optation and personal clientelism. As a collective body, the ruling party
seeks to co-opt restive ethnic minorities by expanding cadre recruitment in hinterland
provinces. Within the party, individual elites seek to expand their own networks of
power by appointing clients to office. The central governmentâs professed objective of
streamlining bureaucracy is in conflict with the partyâs co-optation goal and individual
elitesâ clientelist interest. As a result, the size of public employment has inflated during
the reform period despite top-down mandates to downsize bureaucracy.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116599/1/Ang, Cooptation & Clientelism, posted 2016-01.pdfDescription of Ang, Cooptation & Clientelism, posted 2016-01.pdf : First Onlin