Feudos régios e políticas de santidade na Inglaterra Anglo-saxônica e na Saxônia otônida

This paper is an examination of sanctification and politics in Anglo-Saxon England and Ottonian Saxony. The evidence suggests that a feud culture and feuding behaviours were the reasons for the proliferation of sanctified murdered Anglo-Saxon kings in the late-eighth through mid-ninth centuries, a phenomenon unique to England in this time period. An investigation of the nature of royal feuds in England, in contrast to those in Saxony, further suggests that the sanctification and cults of these Anglo-Saxon murdered kings were a strategic part of feuding interactions and negotiations between families. It also supports arguments for the relationship between a feud culture and the proliferation of legislative activity by the Anglo-Saxons, and offers new possibilities for understanding the dearth of legislative activity by the Ottonians.Este artigo é um exame da santificação e da política na Inglaterra Anglo-Saxônica e na Saxônica Otônida. A evidencia sugereque uma cultura de feudo e comportamentos de feudo eram as razões para a proliferação de mortes santificadas de reis anglo-saxões de finais do século VIII até a metade do século IX, um fenómeno único na Inglaterra neste período. Uma investigação da natureza de feudos régios na Inglaterra, em contraste com aqueles da Saxônia, sugere que a santificação e o culto dos assassinados reis anglo-saxões era parte estratégica de interações de feudo e negociações entre famílias. Isto também suporta argumentos em favor da relação entre uma cultura de feudo e a proliferação de atividade legislativa dos anglo-saxões, e oferece novas possibilidades para que se compreenda a carência de atividade legislativa entre os Otônidas

The Lutheran Confessions and St. Paul\u27s Epistle to the Romans

This paper will investigate the use of Scripture by the Lutheran Confessions in their presentation of important Scriptural teachings. Such an undertaking, however, would be monumental in character if some way were not found to limit the scope of the presentation. For this reason, passages from St. Paul\u27s Epistle to the Romans which are quoted in the Confessions will be used as the basis for this study. Most of the passages referred to will be ones which are quoted directly rather than merely cited unless there is some point of interest in the cited passage

Augustana VII and the Unity of the Church Major Interpretive Accents in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century American Lutheranism

It is the intent of this thesis to examine the meaning of the Seventh Article of the Augsburg Confession on the basis of the article itself, its Scriptural and creedal antecedents, and its context within the corpus of the Lutheran Confessions. The interpretation of this article by key theologians of the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy as well as by nineteenth century American Lutherans will then be presented. Finally, the clashing and sometimes bitter debate regarding the interpretation of this article in the twentieth century will be fully presented both from the viewpoint of official church documents am from the pen of theologians. The conclusion will present a summary of the findings of this study

The Brethren of the Lord and Their Relation to Jesus

It is my purpose to examine these various hypotheses in the light of tradition and Scripture. Thus the theories themselves will first be discussed briefly. Next they will be examined on the basis of the references to this problem in the literature of the early Church. Finally, the Scripture passages which have a bearing on the subject will be taken up. The correct interpretation of these passages is after all the real key to the problem

Royal Feuds and the Politics of Sanctity in Anglo-Saxon England and Ottonian Saxony

This paper is an examination of sanctification and politics in Anglo-Saxon England and Ottonian Saxony. The evidence suggests that a feud culture and feuding behaviours were the reasons for the proliferation of sanctified murdered Anglo-Saxon kings in the late-eighth through mid-ninth centuries, a phenomenon unique to England in this time period. An investigation of the nature of royal feuds in England, in contrast to those in Saxony, further suggests that the sanctification and cults of these Anglo-Saxon murdered kings were a strategic part of feuding interactions and negotiations between families. It also supports arguments for the relationship between a feud culture and the proliferation of legislative activity by the Anglo-Saxons, and offers new possibilities for understanding the dearth of legislative activity by the Ottonians.Este artigo é um exame da santificação e da política na Inglaterra Anglo-Saxônica e na Saxônica Otônida. A evidencia sugereque uma cultura de feudo e comportamentos de feudo eram as razões para a proliferação de mortes santificadas de reis anglo-saxões de finais do século VIII até a metade do século IX, um fenómeno único na Inglaterra neste período. Uma investigação da natureza de feudos régios na Inglaterra, em contraste com aqueles da Saxônia, sugere que a santificação e o culto dos assassinados reis anglo-saxões era parte estratégica de interações de feudo e negociações entre famílias. Isto também suporta argumentos em favor da relação entre uma cultura de feudo e a proliferação de atividade legislativa dos anglo-saxões, e oferece novas possibilidades para que se compreenda a carência de atividade legislativa entre os Otônidas

The Hierarchy of Priority, 9 J. Bus. Entrepreneurship & L. 153 (2016)

Because “priorities” are such an important and difficult issue in Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”), most commentators use what might be called an individualized or seriatim approach to priorities. For example, most commentators start by describing the rules of priorities for individual kinds of properties or for individual kinds of transactions. Then the commentators move on to second kinds of properties or transactions and describe the priorities for them, and then to a third, etc. However, because the priority rules are so difficult, the individualized or seriatim approach to discussions of priorities often generates confusion or a lack of full understanding. The analysis of priorities here differs. This analysis suggests that there is a hierarchy of priorities in Article 9 of the UCC and that this hierarchy is relatively simple to describe. The analysis here describes this hierarchy by engaging in a two-part analysis. Part I suggests that the rules for priorities in Article 9 come out of the interaction of a number of variables, variables that are well-known to everybody who is familiar with Article 9. Part II suggests that the variables described in Part I allow us to put all of the important rules about priorities into a simple chart that shows how the various different priorities interact with each other

The Hierarchy of Priority

The analysis in this article suggests that there is a hierarchy of priorities in Article 9 of the UCC and that this hierarchy is relatively simple to describe. The analysis here describes this hierarchy by engaging in a two-part analysis. Part I suggests that the rules for priorities in Article 9 come out of the interaction of a number of variables, variables that are well-known to everybody who is familiar with Article 9. Part II suggests that the variables described in Part I allow us to put all of the important rules about priorities into a simple chart that shows how the various different priorities interact with each other

Deemed Security Interests in UCC Article 9: Avoiding Traps for the Unwary, 14 DePaul Bus. & Com. L.J. 79 (2015)

Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) Section 1-201(35) provides in its detailed definition of security interests that “security interest” means “an interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation.” Other parts of the UCC demonstrate that two relatively distinct kinds of security interests exist. First, the UCC notes that parties to transactions can create security interests by executing “security agreements.” For convenience sake, the security interests created by security agreements can be called “conventional” or “agreed upon” security interests. Second, various sections of the UCC describe security interests that come into existence by operation of law rather than by execution of security agreements. For convenience sake, this second group of security interests will herein be called “deemed” security interests. The “deemed” terminology is drawn from the analog in some Commonwealth countries to Article 9 of the UCC. That Commonwealth analog is the Personal Property Security Act (PPSA). It is unclear why the PPSA uses the term “deemed” to describe these kinds of security interests. However, it appears that the PPSA uses the termed “deemed” for some security interests because in some cases the PPSA itself - rather than explicit agreement of the parties--creates security interests. “Deemed” security interests could also be called “operation of law” security interests. The contrast, of course, is to what herein are called “conventional” or “agreed upon” security interests, interests created by the execution of security agreements by the parties to transactions. For several reasons, it is important to differentiate conventional (agreed upon) security interests and “deemed” (created by law) security interests. First, with conventional security interests, everybody involved will know of the existence of the security interests because the parties to secured transactions will have intentionally created these interests. If you intentionally create something, you know that it exists. So, people or businesses that have conventional security interests in property will always know that they have secured claims that they can assert. That is NOT the case with deemed security interests because in lots of situations parties protected by deemed security interests won\u27t even know that they are protected by such interests. This is because deemed security interests, as the following analysis demonstrates, sometimes are created by operation of law rather than by agreement of the parties. If people don\u27t know they are protected by interests, they will not know to assert those interests. Second, with conventional security interests, all parties will know - or should know - that in many cases (though not all cases) they must take affirmative steps to perfect the security interests that they have, with those affirmative perfection steps usually being having possession of or taking control of property or creating public records of the interests in that property by filing. Different things are likely to happen with deemed security interests. Because parties protected by deemed security interests sometimes don\u27t know that these security interests exist, some parties protected by deemed interests do not take affirmative steps to perfect the interests when such affirmative steps are needed for perfection. Non-perfection of deemed security interests, in turn, can create two distinct problems. First, people or businesses who have unperfected deemed security interests in property are likely in many cases to lose out in priority battles to other creditors of the possessors of the pertinent property, and to the bankruptcy trustees or debtors in possession (DIP\u27s) for the possessors of the property. Second, if parties protected by deemed security interests have only unperfected interests in the property, then the bankruptcy trustees or DIP\u27s for the protected parties will get only unperfected security interests in the property. Thus, in unperfected deemed interest cases, the possessors of property might be able to keep that property away from the bankruptcy trustees or DIP\u27s for the protected parties