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    Focusing on Rich Brian’s β€œDat Stick”, Higher Brothers’ β€œMade in China”, and Keith Ape’s β€œIT G MA”

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μΈλ¬ΈλŒ€ν•™ ν˜‘λ™κ³Όμ • 비ꡐ문학전곡, 2021. 2. 김홍쀑.This thesis explores the essence and cultural connotations of β€œAsian cool” represented and promoted by the Asian cultural community 88rising which appeared in Western mainstream pop culture over the past five years. It tries to answer the following questions: what is β€œcool” in Asian cool? And, what is β€œAsian” in Asian cool? The concept of coolness is complex and changeable. Considering the attributes of the research subject, this study focuses on the concept of what is β€œcool” in the field of popular culture, focusing on the close relationship between cool and rebellion represented in popular culture. Through the analysis of the rebellious message as well as the reappearance of the local specificities and three β€œcool” personality traits in the respective works that 88rising representsβ€”namely, Rich Brian’s β€œDat Stick”, Keith Ape’s β€œIT G MA”, and Higher Brothers’ β€œMade in China”—I offer the following hypothesis: By sharing Asianness and utilizing hip-hop, an extended and vibrant culture that carries modern coolness, 88rising tries to express both an internal resistance to Asian stereotypes as well as the desire to establish new forms of Asian representation. In this case, 88rising is a vehicle for Pan-Asian unity, while Asian cool in hip-hop represents a powerful cultural movement initiated by the β€œcool new Asian” ideal of 88rising, which aims to help Asians and Asian Americans rebuild their representation and identity in the Western popular culture land-scape. However, it is the pan-Asian nature of this cultural movement that on the other hand also makes Asian cool offer an β€œoversimplified definition of Asia”. In other words, there is the potential for Asian cool to be a powerful cultural movement based on a radical, pan-Asian unity, but that potential cannot be realized if one looks at Asian culture from a homogenous perspective and dilutes it into neatly-packaged, marketable Asianness. Keywords: Asian cool, hip-hop culture, 88rising, stereotype, young Asian generation, pan-Asia unityλ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ 졜근 5λ…„κ°„ μ„œμ–‘ λŒ€μ€‘λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 88라이징(88rising)으둜 λŒ€ν‘œλ˜λŠ” β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ μΏ¨(Asian cool)β€™μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ³ μ°°ν•˜κ³  μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ μΏ¨(Asian cool) 쀑 β€˜μΏ¨(cool)’과 β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ(Asian)’ 각자의 문화적인 의미λ₯Ό νƒμƒ‰ν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆλ‹€. 88라이징은 μ…˜ λ―Έμ•Όμ‹œλ‘œ(Sean Miyashiro)κ°€ μ°½λ¦½ν•œ 닀쀑 λ¬Έν™” 아이덴티티λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ” μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ λ¬Έν™” 곡동체이닀. 2015λ…„ 창립 이래 88라이징은 μ•„μ‹œμ•„μΈ λž˜νΌμ™€ μ•Œμ•€λΉ„(R&B) κ°€μˆ˜λ“€μ„ λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜λŠ” 데 νž˜μ„ μŸμ•˜μœΌλ©°, 그듀이 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μŒμ•… ν™œλ™μ„ ν•  수 있게 도와쀀 λ™μ‹œμ— μœ λ‘€μ—†λŠ” 성적을 μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ 쿨’은 88라이징이 λ°œμ „ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ • 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ ν‚€μ›Œλ“œλ‘œμ„œ, λ§Žμ€ μ„œμ–‘ 미디어에 μ˜ν•΄ 인용되고 88λΌμ΄μ§•μ˜ 예술적인 νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•  λ•Œ 쓰인닀. 기쑴의 연ꡬ와 달리 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒμ˜ 속성을 κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μš°μ„  β€˜λŒ€μ€‘λ¬Έν™” μ†μ—μ„œ μΏ¨λ‹ˆμŠ€(coolness)λž€ 무엇인가?’에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ‘˜ 것이닀. λŒ€μ€‘λ¬Έν™” λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μΏ¨λ‹ˆμŠ€μ˜ κ°œλ…μ΄ κ΄‘λ²”ν•˜κ²Œ μ •μ˜λ˜λ©΄ 이λ₯Ό 각쒅 μœ ν–‰ 문화와 νŠΉμ • λ¬Έν™” 아이덴티티인 μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆμ— μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ μš©ν•  것인지에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν•œμΈ΅ 더 깊이 κ²€ν† ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ 와 두 책을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ λŒ€μ€‘λ¬Έν™” λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 쿨의 λ°œμ „ 과정을 μ •λ¦¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ€‘μ—μ„œ λ‚΄λ¦° 쿨의 μ •μ˜μΈ β€˜μ˜κ΅¬μ μΈ 사적 λ°˜λž€μ˜ μƒνƒœ(a permanent state of private rebellion)’λ₯Ό λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 핡심 μ •μ˜λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬, λŒ€μ€‘λ¬Έν™” 속에 μž¬ν˜„λ  λ•Œ 쿨의 κΆŒμœ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ°˜ν•­μ μΈ ν‘œν˜„μ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμ·„λ‹€. μ΄μ—¬μ„œ 88λΌμ΄μ§•μ˜ μ„Έ νŒ€ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œ μž‘ν’ˆ(리치 λΈŒλΌμ΄μ–Έμ˜ β€œDat Stick”, ν•˜μ΄μ–΄ λΈŒλΌλ”μŠ€μ˜ β€œMade in China”, ν‚€μŠ€ μ—μ΄ν”„μ˜ β€œIT G MA”)을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬, μž‘ν’ˆ 속 β€˜λ°˜ν•­μ μΈ λ©”μ‹œβ€™μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. 이 과정은 β€œμ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ μΏ¨ μ€‘μ˜ β€˜μΏ¨β€™μ΄ 무엇인가?β€μ˜ 닡에 λŒ€ν•œ 고찰이기도 ν•˜λ‹€. 뢄석 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μš”μ•½ν•˜λ©΄ μ„Έ νŒ€ μ•„ν‹°μŠ€νŠΈλŠ” 각자 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ „λž΅μ„ 톡해 μ„œμ–‘μ—μ„œ 온 인쒅차별적인 담둠에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ €ν•­ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ ν•„μžλŠ” μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ 쿨의 β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆβ€™μ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”λ©°, 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒμ΄ μ†ν•œ νž™ν•© ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒ ν™˜κ²½ 두 가지 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆβ€™μ˜ 의미λ₯Ό νƒκ΅¬ν•œλ‹€. λ¨Όμ €, μ•„μ‹œμ•„ 각ꡭ νž™ν•© ν˜„μ§€ν™”μ˜ κ³Όμ • μ†μ—μ„œ λ³Έν†  νŠΉμƒ‰μ„ μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆλŠ” λ…νŠΉν•œ νž™ν•© 미학이 ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³Έν†  λ…νŠΉμ„±(local specificities)은 μ•„μ‹œμ•„ νž™ν•© ν˜„μ§€ν™”μ˜ 성과이며, λ³Έν†  λž˜νΌλ“€μ˜ μ°½μž‘μ— κΉŠμ€ 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉœλ‹€. β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ 쿨’ μ€‘μ˜ β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆβ€™μ€ 마침 λ³Έν†  νŠΉμˆ˜μ„±μ΄ μž‘ν’ˆ 속에 남아 μžˆλŠ” ν”μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμΆœλœ 것이닀. λ˜ν•œ β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ 쿨’ μˆ™ β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆβ€™μ€ 88λΌμ΄μ§•μ˜ ꡬ성원과 같이 μ „ μ„ΈλŒ€μ™€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 인격 νŠΉμ„±μ„ 가진 μΏ¨ 뉴 μ•„μ‹œμ•„μΈ(cool new Asian)이닀. μ‚¬νšŒ ꡬ쑰의 λ³€ν™”λ‘œ 인해 μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ μ‹  μ„ΈλŒ€λŠ” μ „ μ„ΈλŒ€κ°€ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λ˜ κ°€μΉ˜μ²΄κ³„μ™€ 차이점이 있고, 인격 νŠΉμ„± 츑면에 β€˜μΏ¨μ˜ 인격적 νŠΉμ§•β€™μ— 더 가깝닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μΏ¨ νŠΉμ§•μ€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆ μ†μ—μ„œλ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€. μœ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” 것을 톡해 ν•„μžλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 결둠을 λ„μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆμ΄ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ„œμ–‘ λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ—μ„œ μ™œκ³‘λ˜κ³  μ„œμ–‘ μ£Όλ₯˜ λ¬Έν™” 속에 μž₯기적으둜 λ“±μž₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 상황을 λ§ˆμ£Όν•  λ•Œ, 88λΌμ΄μ§•μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œλ˜λŠ” μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ‹ μ„ΈλŒ€λŠ” νž™ν•©μ΄λΌλŠ” ν˜„λŒ€ μΏ¨λ‹ˆμŠ€μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œ λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό 톡해 μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ— κ΄€ν•œ 고정관념(stereotype)에 λŒ€ν•œ 내적 저항은 λ¬Όλ‘  μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œ(Asian representation)λ₯Ό ν™•λ¦½ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 열망을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ 88라이징은 λ²”μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ μΈ 곡톡체(pan-Asian unity)와 λ”μš± λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ³ , β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ 쿨’은 88λΌμ΄μ§•μ΄λž€ μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ‹  μ„ΈλŒ€κ°€ μΌμœΌν‚¨ 영ν–₯λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έν™” μš΄λ™μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λ©°, μ΄λŠ” 쿨의 ν™œμš©μΌ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 쿨에 λŒ€ν•œ μΌμ’…μ˜ κ³„μŠΉκ³Ό λ°œμ „μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έν™”μš΄λ™μ˜ λ²” μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ μΈ μ„±μ§ˆλ‘œ 인해 β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ μΏ¨β€™μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 면이 β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€λ‚˜μΉœ λ‹¨μˆœν™” 된 μ •μ˜(oversimplified definition of Asia)’ κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ°”κΏ” 말해, 급진적이고 λ²”μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ μΈ 곡동체λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ β€˜μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ 쿨’은 영ν–₯λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έν™”μš΄λ™μ΄ 될 κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, μ•„μ‹œμ•„ λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό λ™μ§ˆμ μ΄κ³  λ‹¨μˆœν™”λœ μ‹œκ°μœΌλ‘œ 바라보면 κ·Έ 잠재λ ₯은 μ‹€ν˜„λ  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것이닀. μ£Όμš”μ–΄: μ•„μ‹œμ•ˆ μΏ¨(Asian cool), νž™ν•© λ¬Έν™”, 88라이징(88rising), 고정관념(stereotype), μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ‹  μ„ΈλŒ€, λ²” μ•„μ‹œμ•„ 곡동체(pan-Asia unity)1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Constitution of the thesis 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1. Studies on "Asian cool" 5 2.2. Summary based on literature review 8 3. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY 11 3.1. Key concept of the study 11 3.1.1. Overall summary of research on "cool" 11 3.1.2. Exploring cool in postwar American popular culture 17 3.1.3. Defining cool in popular culture 27 3.2. Question& research materials 29 3.2.1. Research question 29 3.2.2. Research materials 30 3.3. Research methodology 33 4. ANALYSIS OF ASIAN COOL IN THE SAMPLE CASES 35 4.1. A common dilemma: the "crisis of racial authenticity" 35 4.2. 'Cool' in Asian cool: the rebellious content in 88rising artists 'works 43 4.2.1. Rich Brian: proof of Asian talent 43 4.2.2. Higher Brothers: redefinition of "Made in China" 50 4.2.3. Keith Ape: transcending K-pop and re-appropriated exoticism 60 4.3. What is 'Asian' in Asian cool 79 4.3.1 Question of identity: local specificities in Asian hip-hop 80 4.3.2."Cool New Asian": Asian generation with cool characteristics 97 4.4. Another aspect of "Asian cool": an oversimplified definition of Asia 112 5. CONCLUSION 117 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 131Maste

    Spatial Influence of Geographical Factors on Soil Erosion in Fuyang County, China

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    AbstractThe effect of geographical factors on soil erosion is an important aspect of the monitoring environment changes. The spatial relationship between soil erosion and its geographical factors was carried out. The results showed that soil erosion exhibited high selectivity of geographical factors. 94.5% of soil erosion occurred in areas less than 500 m, 85.3% presented on the areas between 15Β°- 35Β°, 57.2% distributed on southern slope, and 76.8% of strong erosion were found in garden land. It provided a basis for governing soil erosion, which was an important significance to local economic development

    Large-eddy Simulation of Near-field Dynamics in a Particle-laden Round Turbulent Jet

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    AbstractThis article investigates the near-field dynamics in a particle-laden round turbulent jet in a large-eddy simulation (LES). A point-force two-way coupling model is adopted in the simulation to reveal the particle modulation of turbulence. The particles mainly excite the initial instability of the jet and bring about the earlier breakup of vortex rings in the near-field. The flow fluctuating intensity either in the axial or in the radial directions is hence increased by particles. The article also describes the mean velocity modulated by particles. The changing statistical velocity induced by particle modulation implies the effects of modulation of the local flow structures. This study is expected to be useful to the control of two-phase turbulent jets
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