Oxidation-induced Cu coating on steel surface

Abstract. Copper is accumulated in recycled steels and is difficult to be removed during steelmaking processes when steel scrap is used as steel sources. Meanwhile, copper characteristics are of importance both to human beings and to animals and plants. In this paper, integrated copper coating was observed on the surface of copper-containing steels when the steels were heated at around 1150℃. However, the copper was separately scattered in and under the surface rust after heating at 1000℃. The forming mechanisms of copper coating are discussed in detail. By choosing a proper descaling reagent, self-generated oxidation-induced copper coating appeared on the steel surface. The method proposed in this work is environmentally friendly for nontoxic chemicals being used. In addition, this provides a new concept for producing protective composite by oxidizing from the substrate directly and there is no bonding problem

A Comparison of Results from a Spanish and English Mail Survey: Effects of Instruction Placement on Item Missingness

Few research studies compare results from self-administered bilingual paper questionnaires on how the positioning of skip instructions may affect the respondent’s ability to follow skip patterns. Using data from the 2004 and 2005 of the Phase 5 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) mail survey questionnaire, this paper attempts to fill this gap. We examined whether the positioning of skip instructions can produce differences in item nonresponse rates in subsequent items and how results compare between English and Spanish language questionnaires. These results will be of interest to designers of bilingual self-administered survey questionnaires in guiding respondents through the intended navigational path with skip patterns

A Conceptual Framework for E-tailing Quality and Its Evaluation

The Internet’s influence in creating e-services has been revolutionary for retailer. Clearly, The Internet is fast becoming an important new channel for businesses in retailing, raising e-services as the emergent business paradigm in the industrialized world. Unfortunately, past research on measuring e-tailing quality is scarce. This paper provides a conceptual framework for e-tailing quality and discusses its evaluation. First, we summarize the main previous literature about service quality and e-service quality. Second, three analytical dimensions are identified: website quality, action quality and result quality, and each has its sub-dimensions. Each has different influence degree. Finally, we analyzing the evaluation way by comparing the online shoppers’ perceived and expectation e-service. Future recommendations are also offered