25 research outputs found
ERC-20R and ERC-721R: Reversible Transactions on Ethereum
Blockchains are meant to be persistent: posted transactions are immutable and
cannot be changed. When a theft takes place, there are limited options for
reversing the disputed transaction, and this has led to significant losses in
the blockchain ecosystem.
In this paper we propose reversible versions of ERC-20 and ERC-721, the most
widely used token standards. With these new standards, a transaction is
eligible for reversal for a short period of time after it has been posted on
chain. After the dispute period has elapsed, the transaction can no longer be
reversed. Within the short dispute period, a sender can request to reverse a
transaction by convincing a decentralized set of judges to first freeze the
disputed assets, and then later convincing them to reverse the transaction.
Supporting reversibility in the context of ERC-20 and ERC-721 raises many
interesting technical challenges. This paper explores these challenges and
proposes a design for our ERC-20R and ERC-721R standards, the reversible
versions of ERC-20 and ERC-721. We also provide a prototype implementation. Our
goal is to initiate a deeper conversation about reversibility in the hope of
reducing some of the losses in the blockchain ecosystem
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cell subpopulations in the tumor microenvironment contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the deadliest cancers worldwide, and advanced HCC is difficult to treat. Identifying specific cell subpopulations in the tumor microenvironment and exploring interactions between the cells and their environment are crucial for understanding the development, prognosis, and treatment of tumors.Methods: In this study, we constructed a tumor ecological landscape of 14 patients with HCC from 43 tumor tissue samples and 14 adjacent control samples. We used bioinformatics analysis to reveal cell subpopulations with potentially specific functions in the tumor microenvironment and to explore the interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment.Results: Immune cell infiltration was evident in the tumor tissues, and BTG1+RGS1+ central memory T cells (Tcms) interact with tumor cells through CCL5-SDC4/1 axis. HSPA1B may be associated with remodeling of the tumor ecological niche in HCC. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and macrophages (TAMs) were closely associated with tumor cells. APOC1+SPP1+ TAM secretes SPP1, which binds to ITGF1 secreted by CAFs to remodel the tumor microenvironment. More interestingly, FAP+ CAF interacts with naïve T cells via the CXCL12–CXCR4 axis, which may lead to resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Conclusion: Our study suggests the presence of tumor cells with drug-resistant potential in the HCC microenvironment. Among non-tumor cells, high NDUFA4L2 expression in fibroblasts may promote tumor progression, while high HSPA1B expression in central memory T cells may exert anti-tumor effects. In addition, the CCL5–SDC4/1 interaction between BTG1+RGS1+ Tcms and tumor cells may promote tumor progression. Focusing on the roles of CAFs and TAMs, which are closely related to tumor cells, in tumors would be beneficial to the progress of systemic therapy research
ASSISTGUI: Task-Oriented Desktop Graphical User Interface Automation
Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation holds significant promise for
assisting users with complex tasks, thereby boosting human productivity.
Existing works leveraging Large Language Model (LLM) or LLM-based AI agents
have shown capabilities in automating tasks on Android and Web platforms.
However, these tasks are primarily aimed at simple device usage and
entertainment operations. This paper presents a novel benchmark, AssistGUI, to
evaluate whether models are capable of manipulating the mouse and keyboard on
the Windows platform in response to user-requested tasks. We carefully
collected a set of 100 tasks from nine widely-used software applications, such
as, After Effects and MS Word, each accompanied by the necessary project files
for better evaluation. Moreover, we propose an advanced Actor-Critic Embodied
Agent framework, which incorporates a sophisticated GUI parser driven by an
LLM-agent and an enhanced reasoning mechanism adept at handling lengthy
procedural tasks. Our experimental results reveal that our GUI Parser and
Reasoning mechanism outshine existing methods in performance. Nevertheless, the
potential remains substantial, with the best model attaining only a 46% success
rate on our benchmark. We conclude with a thorough analysis of the current
methods' limitations, setting the stage for future breakthroughs in this
domain.Comment: Project Page: https://showlab.github.io/assistgui
Research progress of abnormal lactate metabolism and lactate modification in immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma
Tumors meet their energy, biosynthesis, and redox demands through metabolic reprogramming. This metabolic abnormality results in elevated levels of metabolites, particularly lactate, in the tumor microenvironment. Immune cell reprogramming and cellular plasticity mediated by lactate and lactylation increase immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and are emerging as key factors in regulating tumor development, metastasis, and the effectiveness of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Reprogramming of glucose metabolism and the “Warburg effect” in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lead to the massive production and accumulation of lactate, so lactate modification in tumor tissue is likely to be abnormal as well. This article reviews the immune regulation of abnormal lactate metabolism and lactate modification in hepatocellular carcinoma and the therapeutic strategy of targeting lactate-immunotherapy, which will help to better guide the medication and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
TP53-related signature for predicting prognosis and tumor microenvironment characteristics in bladder cancer: A multi-omics study
Background: The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is frequently mutated or inactivated in bladder cancer (BLCA), which is implicated in the pathogenesis of tumor. However, the cellular mechanisms of TP53 mutations are complicated, yet well-defined, but their clinical prognostic value in the management of BLCA remains controversial. This study aimed to explore the role of TP53 mutation in regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), elucidate the effects of TP53 activity on BLCA prognosis and immunotherapy response.Methods: A TP53-related signature based on TP53-induced and TP53-repressed genes was used to construct a TP53 activity-related score and classifier. The abundance of different immune cell types was determined using CIBERSORT to estimate immune cell infiltration. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment between the high and low TP53 score groups was further evaluated using single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) and imaging mass cytometry (IMC). Moreover, pathway enrichment analysis was performed to explore the differential biological functions between tumor epithelial cells with high and low TP53 activity scores. Finally, the receptor–ligand interactions between immune cells and tumor epithelial cells harboring distinct TP53 activity were analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing.Results: The TP53 activity-related gene signature differentiated well between TP53 functional retention and inactivation in BLCA. BLCA patients with low TP53 scores had worse survival prognosis, more TP53 mutations, higher grade, and stronger lymph node metastasis than those with high TP53 scores. Additionally, CyTOF and IMC analyses revealed that BLCA patients with low TP53 scores exhibited a potent immunosuppressive TME. Consistently, single-cell sequencing results showed that tumor epithelial cells with low TP53 scores were significantly associated with high cell proliferation and stemness abilities and strongly interacted with immunosuppressive receptor–ligand pairs.Conclusion: BLCA patients with low TP53 scores have a worse prognosis and a more immunosuppressive TME. This TP53 activity-related signature can serve as a potential prognostic signature for predicting the immune response, which may facilitate the development of new strategies for immunotherapy in BLCA
Monocrystalline Si/-GaO p-n heterojunction diodes fabricated via grafting
The -GaO has exceptional electronic properties with vast
potential in power and RF electronics. Despite the excellent demonstrations of
high-performance unipolar devices, the lack of p-type doping in
-GaO has hindered the development of GaO-based bipolar
devices. The approach of p-n diodes formed by polycrystalline p-type oxides
with n-type -GaO can face severe challenges in further advancing
the -GaO bipolar devices due to their unfavorable band alignment
and the poor p-type oxide crystal quality. In this work, we applied the
semiconductor grafting approach to fabricate monocrystalline
Si/-GaO p-n diodes for the first time. With enhanced
concentration of oxygen atoms at the interface of Si/-GaO,
double side surface passivation was achieved for both Si and
-GaO with an interface Dit value of 1-3 x 1012 /cm2 eV. A
Si/-GaO p-n diode array with high fabrication yield was
demonstrated along with a diode rectification of 1.3 x 107 at +/- 2 V, a diode
ideality factor of 1.13 and avalanche reverse breakdown characteristics. The
diodes C-V shows frequency dispersion-free characteristics from 10 kHz to 2
MHz. Our work has set the foundation toward future development of
-GaO-based transistors.Comment: 32 pages, 10 figures. The preliminary data were presented as a poster
in the 5th US Gallium Oxide Workshop, Washington, DC. August 07-10, 202
Advances in the Molecular Mechanisms and Prognostic Significance of EMT 
in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has an important role in the development of embryo, as well as that in the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent researches have demonstrated that both morphological and phenotypic conversions emerge in cells undergoing EMT. As most of relevant studies were on other cancers, it is essential to uncover whether it is the similar mechanisms accounting for EMT in NSCLC. With the progress of the studies, EMT-related basic researches are gradually applied to predicting the prognosis of NSCLC. The aim of this article was to discuss the mechanisms related to EMT emerging in NSCLC