4,160 research outputs found
The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update
Studies conducted since the late 1970s have estimated the net energy value (NEV) of corn ethanol. However, variations in data and assumptions used among the studies have resulted in a wide range of estimates. This study identifies the factors causing this wide variation and develops a more consistent estimate. We conclude that the NEV of corn ethanol has been rising over time due to technological advances in ethanol conversion and increased efficiency in farm production. We show that corn ethanol is energy efficient as indicated by an energy output:input ratio of 1.34.ethanol, net energy balance, corn production, energy, Crop Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
Galaxy Cluster Formation from the Large-scale Structure: A Case Study of the Abell 2125 Complex at z=0.247
The structure of the universe is believed to have formed by clustering
hierarchically from small to large scales. Much of this evolution occurs very
slowly but at a few special times more, rapid, violent activity may occur as
major subunits collide at high velocities. The Abell 2125 complex (z=0.247)
appears to be undergoing such an event as shown by modeling of the optical
velocity field and by the detection with the VLA of an unusually large number
of associated radio active galaxies. We present an 80 ksec Chandra imaging of
Abell 2125, together with extensive complementary multi-wavelength data. We
show direct evidence for galaxy transformation and destruction during the
cluster formation. The Chandra data unambiguously separate the X-ray
contributions from discrete sources and large-scale diffuse gas in the Abell
2125 complex, which consists of various merging clusters/groups of galaxies and
low-surface brightness emission. This enables us to study processes affecting
galaxy evolution during this special time from scales of Mpc down to a few kpc.
The overall level of activity plus the special time for the cluster-cluster
merger suggests that an important phase of galaxy evolution can take place
during such events.Comment: 4 pages plus 4 figures. To appear in proceedings of IAU CColloquium
No. 195: Outskirts of Galaxy Clusters: Intense Life in the Suburbs. A high
resolution version may be found at
http://www.astro.umass.edu/~wqd/papers/iau195.ps.g
X-raying Abell 2125 -- a Large-scale Hierarchical Complex of Galaxies and Hot Gas
We present an 82 ksec Chandra ACIS-I observation of a large-scale
hierarchical complex, which consists of various clusters/groups of galaxies and
low-surface brightness X-ray emission at z = 0.247. This high-resolution {\sl
Chandra} observation allows us for the first time to separate unambiguously the
X-ray contributions from discrete sources and large-scale diffuse hot gas. We
detect 99 X-ray sources in a field. Ten of these
sources are identified as members of the complex and are mostly radio-bright.
Whereas unresolved X-ray sources tend to be associated with galaxies in
intermediate density environments, extended X-ray emission peak at bright radio
galaxies in the central cluster. In particular, a distinct X-ray trail appears
on one side of the fast-moving galaxy C153, clearly due to ram-pressure
stripping. The diffuse X-ray emission from the central cluster can be
characterized by a thermal plasma with a characteristic temperature of
keV and a heavy element abundance of
solar (90% confidence uncertainties). In comparison, a patch of low-surface
brightness X-ray emission apparently originates in relatively low density
intergalactic gas with a characteristic temperature of
keV and an abundance of solar. The Chandra observation,
together with extensive multi-wavelength data, indicates that the complex
represents a projection of several galaxy sub-structures, which may be
undergoing major mergers. We discuss the dynamic states of the complex and its
sub-structures as well as properties of X-ray-emitting galaxies and the
relationship to their environments.Comment: 18 pages plus figures, to be published in ApJ. A complete high
resolution version can be found at
http://www.astro.umass.edu/~wqd/papers/a2125
A new 111 type iron pnictide superconductor LiFeP
A new iron pnictide LiFeP superconductor was found. The compound crystallizes
into a Cu2Sb structure containing an FeP layer showing superconductivity with
maximum Tc of 6K. This is the first 111 type iron pnictide superconductor
containing no arsenic. The new superconductor is featured with itinerant
behavior at normal state that could helpful to understand the novel
superconducting mechanism of iron pnictide compounds.Comment: 3 figures + 1 tabl
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