The impact of FDI on ecological unequal exchange in China’s manufacturing industry

This paper uses the panel data of manufacturing subdivision industry from 2000 to 2014 to calculate the exchange of ecological inequality through MRIO model. On this basis, the systematic GMM model is used to investigate the direct and indirect effects of Foreign Direct Investment on the unequal exchange of manufacturing ecology. In addition, the ecological unequal exchange in China’s manufacturing industry is decomposed into ecological unequal exchange on the production side, on the consumption side, with developed regions and with lessdeveloped regions. The study finds that: 1) Industry-wide research indicates that FDI inflows have a significant positive impact on reducing the unequal exchange in the manufacturing sector. This finding contributes to the existing literature on the effects of FDI on ecological inequality. 2) Path-specific studies reveal that FDI primarily reduces ecological inequality in the manufacturing sector through technological effects. However, the scale and structural effects of FDI exacerbate ecological inequality, confirming the findings of some scholars. This nuanced understanding of the effects of FDI on ecological inequality adds to the existing body of research. 3) From the perspective of FDI sources, FDI from Asian countries and regions is more beneficial for improving China’s ecological unequal exchange. This finding provides guidance for China’s FDI attraction policies. 4) Assessing pollution emissions inventories based on the principle of production responsibility is unfair to China from both the production and consumption perspectives. 5) From a regional perspective, FDI effectively reduces the impact of ecological unequal exchange in the manufacturing sector between China and developed economies. These findings confirm that China bears an unequal exchange in the trade process and enrich the understanding of the impact of FDI on ecological unequal exchange

Effects of increased pH and inorganic carbon on growth and photosynthesis in the macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)

The marine red macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis usually experiences a changing carbonate system during mariculture. Thalli of G. lemaneiformis collected from Nanao Island, Shantou, China, were cultured in six treatments, with two inorganic carbon (Ci) levels (ambient-Ci, AC; elevated-Ci, EC) and three pH levels (8.2, 9.0, and 9.4), to examine the influence of increased Ci concentrations and high seawater pH on growth and photosynthesis in this farmed algal species. The capacity to extract HCO3- from seawater was relatively stable, as pH compensation points of G. lemaneiformis remained unchanged (9.54-9.59) in the six treatments. Relative growth rate (RGR) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of G. lemaneiformis showed no significant differences between treatments of AC and EC at pH 8.2. However, RGR and Pn were higher at EC than at AC at pH 9.4. In addition, RGR and Pn at AC treatments were 67% +/- 12% and 76% +/- 6% lower at pH 9.4 than at pH 8.2, respectively. At AC, total pigment content, effective quantum yield of PSII (Yield), and maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR(m)) were all lower at pH 9.4 than at 8.2. However, reductions of these parameters were significantly ameliorated when thalli of G. lemaneiformis were cultured at EC conditions. We conclude that increasing atmospheric CO2 is conducive to the aquaculture of G. lemaneiformis through the decline of pH and the concurrent increase of Ci in seawater

Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of C-11-Labeled VU0467485/AZ13713945 and Its Analogues for Imaging Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtype 4

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have five distinct subunits (M1–M5) and are involved in the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. Attributed to the promising clinical efficacy of xanomeline, an M1/M4‐preferring agonist, in patients of schizophrenia and Alzheimer\u27s disease, M1‐ or M4‐selective mAChR modulators have been developed that target the topographically distinct allosteric sites. Herein we report the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 11C‐labeled positron emission tomography (PET) ligands based on a validated M4R positive allosteric modulator VU0467485 (AZ13713945) to facilitate drug discovery. [11C]VU0467485 and two other ligands were prepared in high radiochemical yields (>30 %, decay‐corrected) with high radiochemical purity (>99 %) and high molar activity (>74 GBq μmol−1). In vitro autoradiography studies indicated that these three ligands possess moderate‐to‐high in vitro specific binding to M4R. Nevertheless, further physiochemical property optimization is necessary to overcome the challenges associated with limited brain permeability

Synthesis and preliminary studies of a novel negative allosteric modulator [11C]QCA for imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2

Metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors (mGlu2) are involved in the pathogenesis of severalCNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological modulation of this target represents apotential disease-modifying approach for the treatment of substance abuse, depression, schizophreniaand dementias. While quantification of mGlu2 receptors in the living brain by positron emissiontomography (PET) would help us better understand signaling pathways relevant to these conditions,few successful examples have been demonstrated to image mGlu2 in vivo and a suitable PET tracer isyet to be identified. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a radiolabeled negative allostericmodulator (NAM) for mGlu2 PET tracerdevelopment based on a quinoline 2-carboxamidescaffold. The most promising candidate,7-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methoxyphenyl) quinoline-2-carboxamide([11C]QCA) was prepared in 13% radiochemicalyield (non-decay corrected at the end of synthesis) with >99% radiochemical purity and >74GBq/μmol (2 Ci/μmol) specific activity. While the tracer showed limited brain uptake (0.3 SUV),probably attributable to effects on PgP/Bcrp eff lux pump, in vitro autoradiography studiesdemonstrated heterogeneous brain distribution and specific binding. Thus, [11C]QCA is achemical probe tha

Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Sulfonamido-based [11C-Carbonyl]-Carbamates and Ureas for Imaging Monoacylglycerol Lipase

Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a 33 kDa member of the serine hydrolase superfamily that preferentially degrades 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid in the endocannabinoid system. Inhibition of MAGL is not only of interest for probing the cannabinoid pathway but also as a therapeutic and diagnostic target for neuroinflammation. Limited attempts have been made to image MAGL in vivo and a suitable PET ligand for this target has yet to be identified and is urgently sought to guide small molecule drug development in this pathway. Herein we synthesized and evaluated the physiochemical properties of an array of eleven sulfonamido-based carbamates and ureas with a series of terminal aryl moieties, linkers and leaving groups. The most potent compounds were a novel MAGL inhibitor, N-((1-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl) methyl)-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (TZPU; IC50 = 35.9 nM), and the known inhibitor 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-(((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamido) methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (SAR127303; IC50 = 39.3 nM), which were also shown to be selective for MAGL over fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and cannabinoid receptors (CB1 & CB2). Both of these compounds were radiolabeled with carbon-11 via [11C]COCl2, followed by comprehensive ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo PET imaging studies in normal rats to determine their brain permeability, specificity, clearance and metabolism. Whereas TZPU did not show adequate specificity to warrant further evaluation, [11C]SAR127303 was advanced for preliminary PET neuroimaging studies in nonhuman primate. The tracer showed good brain permeability (ca. 1 SUV) and heterogeneous regional brain distribution which is consistent with the distribution of MAGL

Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Sulfonamido-based [11C-Carbonyl]-Carbamates and Ureas for Imaging Monoacylglycerol Lipase

Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a 33 kDa member of the serine hydrolase superfamily that preferentially degrades 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid in the endocannabinoid system. Inhibition of MAGL is not only of interest for probing the cannabinoid pathway but also as a therapeutic and diagnostic target for neuroinflammation. Limited attempts have been made to image MAGL in vivo and a suitable PET ligand for this target has yet to be identified and is urgently sought to guide small molecule drug development in this pathway. Herein we synthesized and evaluated the physiochemical properties of an array of eleven sulfonamido-based carbamates and ureas with a series of terminal aryl moieties, linkers and leaving groups. The most potent compounds were a novel MAGL inhibitor, N-((1-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl) methyl)-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (TZPU; IC50 = 35.9 nM), and the known inhibitor 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl 4-(((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamido) methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (SAR127303; IC50 = 39.3 nM), which were also shown to be selective for MAGL over fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and cannabinoid receptors (CB1 & CB2). Both of these compounds were radiolabeled with carbon-11 via [11C]COCl2, followed by comprehensive ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo PET imaging studies in normal rats to determine their brain permeability, specificity, clearance and metabolism. Whereas TZPU did not show adequate specificity to warrant further evaluation, [11C]SAR127303 was advanced for preliminary PET neuroimaging studies in nonhuman primate. The tracer showed good brain permeability (ca. 1 SUV) and heterogeneous regional brain distribution which is consistent with the distribution of MAGL