Microwaves and Microscopy [From the Guest Editors' Desk]

none2he articles in this special section focus on microwaves and microscopy. As the phrase implies, the topic lies at the intersection of two technical disciplines: microwave engineering and measurements on microscopic- length scales. Within the pages of this issue are many compelling images from a wide selection of application areas, including MOS devices, biological cells, acoustic wave devices, and novel materials like graphene. Depending on your professional background, that list of application areas may entice you to dive into this issue. On the other hand, you may feel like this topic lies far from your interest and expertise. If you are in the latter category, we would like to briefly share with you a bit of our personal professional journeys that led us to this unique field of research. Perhaps you will see in our stories a connection between your own interests and microwaves and microscopy.Marco Farina è Guest Editor di questo special issue. Questo è un editoriale introduttivo dello stesso.noneFarina, Marco; Wallis, T. MitchFarina, Marco; Wallis, T. Mitc

Measurement techniques for radio frequency nanoelectronics

Connect basic theory with real-world applications with this practical, cross-disciplinary guide to radio frequency measurement of nanoscale devices and materials.• Learn the techniques needed for characterizing the performance of devices and their constituent building blocks, including semiconducting nanowires, graphene, and other two dimensional materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides• Gain practical insights into instrumentation, including on-wafer measurement platforms and scanning microwave microscopy• Discover how measurement techniques can be applied to solve real-world problems, in areas such as passive and active nanoelectronic devices, semiconductor dopant profiling, subsurface nanoscale tomography, nanoscale magnetic device engineering, and broadband, spatially localized measurements of biological materialsFeaturing numerous practical examples, and written in a concise yet rigorous style, this is the ideal resource for researchers, practicing engineers, and graduate students new to the field of radio frequency nanoelectronics

Magneto-mechanical investigation of spin dynamics in magnetic multilayers

The Einstein-de Haas effect is used to study experimentally the interfacial spin transport in a bilayer metallic system. Specifically, mechanical torque on a permalloy film interfaced with a non-magnetic metallic film (platinum or copper), deposited on a microcantilever, is measured. The torque is generated by the transfer of the spin angular momentum from the permalloy film to the mechanical angular momentum of the cantilever. Measurement of the cantilever deflection shows that the presence of a thin non-magnetic metallic layer with strong spin-orbit interaction (platinum) changes the interfacial spin transport and causes a dramatic reduction of the mechanical torque. The observed behavior of the cantilever is attributed to the increased effective damping of the domain wall motion in the permalloy layer

Fertility and development: the roles of schooling and family production

This paper presents a quantitative theory of development that highlights three mechanisms that relate schooling, fertility, and growth. First, we point out that in the early stages of development, fertility and schooling may rise together as the schooling of younger children increases their relative contribution to family income when they turn working age. Second, the model contains a supply-side theory of schooling that generates a rise in schooling independent of technological change. Third, we introduce a direct negative effect of industrialization on fertility that does not operate through human capital and the quantity-quality tradeoff. An initial quantitative assessment of the theoretical mechanisms is conducted by calibrating and applying the model to United States history from 1800 to 2000. We find that the demise in family production is an important factor reducing fertility in the 19th century and schooling of older children is dominant factor reducing fertility in the 20th century. The same model is applied to England from 1740 to 1940, where we offer two complimentary explanations for the rise in fertility from 1740 to 1820. The first is based on the rapid expansion in the cottage industry and the second on the increased relative productivity of children. We also find that the subsequent fall in fertility from 1820 to 1940 cannot be explained without introducing child labor/compulsory schooling laws. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2006Economic development, Fertility, Schooling, Family production,