Biogas från gödsel och gräs i kombination med dikalvsproduktion

Sweden has great potential for biogas production from manure, residues and energy crops. The environmental benefits are substantial, as the biogas production system reduces emissions from manure pits. The produced biogas can then also do well by replacing environmentally harmful electricity production or fuels. In this project a model farm is studied. Specifications are taken partly from a real farm, and partly from assumptions based on literature and interviews. The model farm is 355 hectare, and has beef cattle production. The farm is expanding its grassland areas and the excess of grass production can be used as a substrate in a biogas plant, in combination with manure. This study also evaluates different promising energy grass varieties for biogas production, and in these comparisons reed canary grass and tall fescue get the best result. Furthermore two scenarios are developed, based on information from the model farm. Scenario A deals with the construction of a biogas production plant at a single farm and Scenario B is based on a larger cooperative biogas factory with vehicle gas production. In scenario B it is proposed that the substrates from a larger constellation of substrate providers are digested together. The result shows that it can be difficult to reach financial profitability for scenario A, especially without governmental subsidies. Scenario B shows better profitability, but only if the produced gas can be sold at a sufficiently high price. The environmental benefits from the introduced biogas system are expected to be greatest in Scenario A, but only if the produced electricity is assumed to replace fossil-based electricity

Hosting capacity for photovoltaics in Swedish distribution grids

For planning issues, it is useful to know the upper limit for photovoltaics (PV) in the electrical grid with current design and operation (defined as hosting capacity) and how this limit can be increased. Future costs for grid reinforcement can be avoided if measures are taken to implement smart grid technology in the distribution grid. The aim of this project is to identify challenges in Swedish electricity distribution grids with a high penetration of local generation of electricity from PV. The aim is also to help Swedish Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to better understand hosting capacity issues, and to see which room for PV integration there is before there is need for actions to maintain power quality. Three distribution grids are modelled and simulated in Matlab: Rural area, Residential area and City (Stockholm Royal Seaport). Since the project is a cooperation between Uppsala University and Fortum, three different representative grids from Fortum’s grid software ”Power Grid” have been used as input to a flexible simulation program developed at Uppsala University. The simulation includes Newton-Raphson power-flow computing but has also been improved with a model of the temperature dependency of the resistance. The results show that there is room for a lot of PV systems in the Swedish grids. When using voltage rise above 1.1 p.u. voltage as limitation, the hosting capacity 60% PV electricity generation as a fraction of the yearly load were determined for the rural grid and the suburban grid. For the city grid, which is very robust, the hosting capacity 325% was determined. When using overload as limitation, the hosting capacities 70%, 20% and 25%, were determined for the same grids

Hosting capacity for photovoltaics in Swedish distribution grids

For planning issues, it is useful to know the upper limit for photovoltaics (PV) in the electrical grid with current design and operation (defined as hosting capacity) and how this limit can be increased. Future costs for grid reinforcement can be avoided if measures are taken to implement smart grid technology in the distribution grid. The aim of this project is to identify challenges in Swedish electricity distribution grids with a high penetration of local generation of electricity from PV. The aim is also to help Swedish Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to better understand hosting capacity issues, and to see which room for PV integration there is before there is need for actions to maintain power quality. Three distribution grids are modelled and simulated in Matlab: Rural area, Residential area and City (Stockholm Royal Seaport). Since the project is a cooperation between Uppsala University and Fortum, three different representative grids from Fortum’s grid software ”Power Grid” have been used as input to a flexible simulation program developed at Uppsala University. The simulation includes Newton-Raphson power-flow computing but has also been improved with a model of the temperature dependency of the resistance. The results show that there is room for a lot of PV systems in the Swedish grids. When using voltage rise above 1.1 p.u. voltage as limitation, the hosting capacity 60% PV electricity generation as a fraction of the yearly load were determined for the rural grid and the suburban grid. For the city grid, which is very robust, the hosting capacity 325% was determined. When using overload as limitation, the hosting capacities 70%, 20% and 25%, were determined for the same grids

Teknologiska innovationssystem inom energiomr\ue5det: En praktisk v\ue4gledning till identifiering av systemsvagheter som motiverar s\ue4rskilda politiska \ue5taganden

Syftet med denna rapport \ue4r att illustrera hur ett praktiskt inriktat ramverk, tekno- logiska innovationssystem (TIS), kan anv\ue4ndas av analytiker och beslutsfattare vid departement och myndigheter f\uf6r att analysera strategiskt viktiga teknikomr\ue5den \u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc22\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc07\u10fc11\u10fc10\u10fc05\u10fc0d\u10fc14\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc19\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc10\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc0a\u10fc09\u10fc15\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc12\u10fc19\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc18\u10fc06\u10fc05\u10fc0d\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc25\u10fc04I rapporten analyseras fem TIS centrerade kring havsbaserad vindkraft, marin energi, \u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc09\u10fc1e\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0b\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc19\u10fc03\u10fc15\u10fc19\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc0a\u10fc19\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc1a\u10fc1f\u10fc0c\u10fc05\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc0a\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc25\u10fc04\u10fc01\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc10\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc23\u10fc0e\u10fc04\u10fc2e\u10fc16\u10fc17\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc11\u10fc04 systemsvagheter som bromsar omr\ue5dets vidare utveckling, vilka som kan \ue5tg\ue4rdas av systemets akt\uf6rer och vilka som motiverar s\ue4rskilda politiska \ue5taganden. Rapporten utg\uf6r d\ue4rmed ett underlag f\uf6r att formulera \ue5tg\ue4rder f\uf6r att \ue5stadkomma \uf6kad innova- tion, teknikspridning och industrialisering inom ovan n\ue4mnda teknikomr\ue5den.Studien har \ue4ven m\uf6jliggjort en j\ue4mf\uf6rande analys av likheter och skillnader \u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc20\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc03\u10fc18\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc15\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc08\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc02\u10fc23\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc0d\u10fc14\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc09\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc11\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc04 \u10fc2f\u10fc18\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc22\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc0e\u10fc11\u10fc09\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc11\u10fc1a\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc0e\u10fc25\u10fc04\u10fc34\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc0d\u10fc18\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc22\u10fc15\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc0d\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc1f\u10fc0c\u10fc0c\u10fc11\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc19\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc0a\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc0c\u10fc05\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04 mellan omr\ue5dena – de \ue4r starka respektive svaga av olika orsaker. Detta visar att \u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc22\u10fc11\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc18\u10fc06\u10fc0d\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc19\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc10\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc25Samtidigt har omr\ue5dena gemensamma drag. Systemets akt\uf6rer, d\ue4r \ue4ven politiska \u10fc2f\u10fc0e\u10fc11\u10fc09\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc11\u10fc1a\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc0e\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc18\u10fc03\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc14\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc25\u10fc0e\u10fc13\u10fc25\u10fc04\u10fc10\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc0a\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc12\u10fc18\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc0c\u10fc22\u10fc04\u10fc08\u10fc0b\u10fc0c\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc12\u10fc04\u10fc0d\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc19\u10fc03\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc04 \u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc13\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc0a\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc10\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc08\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc24\u10fc04\u10fc10\u10fc0a\u10fc09\u10fc08\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc03\u10fc0e\u10fc11\u10fc0b\u10fc09\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc04\u10fc0c\u10fc22\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc09\u10fc02\u10fc11\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc08\u10fc0b\u10fc0c- skapsn\ue4tverk. Men de har varit s\ue4mre p\ue5 att skapa tidiga nischmarknader som ger utrymme f\uf6r fortsatt l\ue4rande och kostnadsreduktion. S\ue5dana nischer kan ibland skapas av marknadens akt\uf6rer, men ofta kr\ue4vs politiska styrmedel. De beh\uf6vs f\uf6r att investeringar i kunskapsutveckling ska kunna nyttigg\uf6ras och f\uf6r att en bred industriell utveckling inom nya omr\ue5den skall g\uf6ras m\uf6jlig i Sverige.Vidare presenteras l\ue4rdomar kring vad en aktiv teknikpolitik inneb\ue4r. Tv\ue5 huvud- \u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc0d\u10fc0b\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc11\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc10\u10fc0f\u10fc13\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc10\u10fc04\u10fc0c\u10fc22\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc04\u10fc0f\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc1e\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc10\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc07- h\ue4llsbygget och d\ue4rf\uf6r b\uf6r vara ett politikomr\ue5de bland m\ue5nga samt att den skarpa \u10fc0b\u10fc12\u10fc12\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc0c\u10fc0d\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc2f\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc15\u10fc04\u10fc0d\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc11\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc43\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc43\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc43\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc0c\u10fc0e\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc43\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc22\u10fc03- \u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc02\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc10\u10fc15\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc05\u10fc06\u10fc0a\u10fc11\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc11\u10fc25\u10fc04\u10fc16\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc0f\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc0e\u10fc1f\u10fc0c\u10fc0c\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc0a\u10fc0d\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc22\u10fc03\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc04\u10fc12\u10fc18\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc04 \u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc11\u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc10\u10fc18\u10fc04\u10fc0e\u10fc13\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc0e\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc09\u10fc0a\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc06\u10fc22\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc05\u10fc10\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc0c\u10fc0e\u10fc0b\u10fc06\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc06\u10fc02\u10fc15\u10fc04\u10fc2f\u10fc0e\u10fc14\u10fc02\u10fc10\u10fc11\u10fc04\u10fc0a\u10fc04 olika faser av innovationssystemets utveckling.F\uf6r att lyckas med en aktiv teknikpolitik beh\uf6vs en h\uf6g grad av koordinering \u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc09\u10fc09\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc04\u10fc07\u10fc22\u10fc0c\u10fc15\u10fc0a\u10fc0d\u10fc14\u10fc0e\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc03\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc1e\u10fc14\u10fc04\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc12\u10fc05\u10fc03\u10fc06\u10fc0e\u10fc07\u10fc0e\u10fc0c\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc06\u10fc04\u10fc11\u10fc12\u10fc0e\u10fc1e\u10fc0a\u10fc1f\u10fc08\u10fc04\u10fc08\u10fc0b\u10fc0c\u10fc11\u10fc08\u10fc05\u10fc12\u10fc04\u10fc19\u10fc07\u10fc04\u10fc1a\u10fc03\u10fc05\u10fc07\u10fc10\u10fc0f\u10fc13\u10fc05\u10fc0c\u10fc15\u10fc0e\u10fc04 teknikomr\ue5den s\ue5 att ”r\ue4tt” typ av \ue5tg\ue4rder kan s\ue4ttas in vid ”r\ue4tt” tidpunkt av ”r\ue4tt” akt\uf6r. TIS-ramverket lyfts h\ue4r fram som en metod f\uf6r att skapa ett s\ue5dant underlag. Slutligen presenteras en metod f\uf6r projektbed\uf6mningar som syftar till att st\uf6tta handl\ue4ggare i utv\ue4rderingar av projekt inom nya teknikomr\ue5den.Rapporten i sin helhet riktar sig s\ue4rskilt till beslutsfattare och handl\ue4ggare vid myndigheter, departement och politiker, men \ue4ven andra organisationer och indi- vider med intresse av att h\uf6gt st\ue4llda klimatm\ue5l ska kunna n\ue5s samtidigt som en positiv n\ue4ringslivsutveckling m\uf6jligg\uf6rs