Cross Countries Economic Performances - SPF Approach

Created in 2009-2010; The differences in technical inefficiency (inefficient allocation of production inputs) explain the diverse cross-country economic performances, using estimating a “global” stochastic production frontier (SPF) model, and (Rodrik (2000)’s taxonomy of institutions), to compare the mean level of technical inefficiency for each country per period. Our model, consider three variables dimensions – human capital, openness, and institutions. Institutions are more fundamental to the sources of technical inefficiency. Specifically, the rule of law has a direct impact on improving technical efficiency. Democracy and sound money, do not have a direct impact on technical efficiency. However, their interactions with human capital are statistically significant. It points out the possibility that a minimum level of human capital matters for these two aspects of institutions to have any impact on technical efficiency. Regulation, on the other hand, shows a threshold effect. That said, after reaching a threshold level of regulation, excessive regulation leads to technical inefficienc

Longitudinal study of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli isolated from integrated multi-site cohorts of humans and swine

Many studies have attempted to link antimicrobial use in food animal agriculture with an increased risk of antimicrobial-resistant (AR) bacterial levels in humans. Our data arise from longitudinal aggregated fecal samples in a 3-year cohort study of vertically integrated populations of human workers and consumers, and swine. Human and swine E. coli isolates (N = 2130 and 3485, respectively) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the SensititreTM broth microdilution system. The associations between AR prevalence for each antimicrobial agent, multi-drug resistant E. coli, or multivariate AR E. coli, and the risk factors (host species, production type (swine), vocation (human swine worker versus non-worker), and season) in the study were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE), GLM with multinomial distribution, or GEE in a multivariate model using a SAS® macro to adjust for the correlated AR phenotypes. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences in AR isolates: 1) between host-species with swine at higher risk for ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. The prevalence of ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance were higher among human isolates, 2) swine production group was significantly associated with AR with purchased boars, nursery piglets, and breeding boars at a higher risk of resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline, and 3) human swine worker cohorts exhibited an elevated tetracycline prevalence, but lowered sulfisoxazole prevalence when compared to nonworkers. High variability among seasonal samples over the 3-year period was observed. There were significant differences in multiple resistance isolates between host species, with swine at higher risk than humans of carrying multi-resistant strains; however, no significant differences in multiple resistance isolates within humans by vocation or within swine by production group. The odds-ratios, adjusted for multivariate dependence of individual AR phenotypes, were increased relative to unadjusted oddsratios among 1) swine as compared to human for tetracycline (OR = 21.8 vs. 19.6), and 2) increased significantly among swine-workers as compared to non-workers only for tetracycline (OR = 1.4 vs. 1.3). Occupational exposure to swine-rearing facilities appears to be associated with an increased relative odds for the prevalence of tetracycline resistance compared to non-workers

Cross Countries Economic Performances - SPF Approach

The differences in technical inefficiency (inefficient allocation of production inputs) explain the diverse cross-country economic performances, using estimating a “global” stochastic production frontier (SPF) model, and (Rodrik (2000)’s taxonomy of institutions), to compare the mean level of technical inefficiency for each country per period. Our model, consider three variables dimensions – human capital, openness, and institutions. Institutions are more fundamental to the sources of technical inefficiency. Specifically, the rule of law has a direct impact on improving technical efficiency. Democracy and sound money, do not have a direct impact on technical efficiency. However, their interactions with human capital are statistically significant. It points out the possibility that a minimum level of human capital matters for these two aspects of institutions to have any impact on technical efficiency. Regulation, on the other hand, shows a threshold effect. That said, after reaching a threshold level of regulation, excessive regulation leads to technical inefficiency

Influence The Education Levels on Income Worldwide: Empirical Evidence

In this paper, I constructed a worldwide novel panel model to investigate the estimation returns of the education levels using the function of the aggregate production approach of education human capital growth using the Mincerian method to acquire an equation of a log-liner, considering the possibility of heterogeneity of the countries. We split the data samples based on the levels of schooling quality and develop the economy of the countries. Our estimation shows the effect of the differences or heterogeneity on the schooling levels among the countries which appear especially post-secondary or tertiary schooling level specified has more impact in developed countries with high quality of schooling learning than effect secondary and primary school levels, while vice versa is true in developing countries

Solution Strategies of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models

DSGE models are the main tool for analysing various questions in problems of monetary, business cycle theory and fiscal policy problems, growth and other fields in international macroeconomics and macroeconomics. Many macroeconomic publications use the DSGE framework. A consensus has been reached on the methodology for using such kind of model. The resolution of DSGE models remains an area of ongoing interest. This paper provides an overview of the available solution techniques. Linear approximation methods and perturbation methods have been explored in detail. Solving strategies such as the eigenvalue auto-decomposition of Blanchard and Kahn (1980) or the method of indefinite coefficients are explained. A Bayesian estimate is drawn shortly. The evaluation methods are briefly described. Finally, the paper provides some useful resources for practical implementation

Institutions, Policies, and Economic Growth: Overview

Economic growth is perhaps one of the most important subjects in the field of economic development. This paper overview the links between institutions, economic growth, and policy settings in developing countries based on cross-country (Asia, Latin America, and Africa), for the last two decades. It has also been shown that many policy effects act not only 'directly' on growth but also indirectly through the mobilization of resources for fixed investment. Sustained high growth rates are usually regarded as the main driver of improving the general welfare and income of a country. Neoclassical growth models, like Solow (1956), have put great emphasis on the role of physical capital accumulation. Modern economic growth theories have been extended to consider innovations, technology, human capital as well as institutions the fundamental causes of growth

Economic Performance and Institutions: Measuring Technical Efficiency Using SPF Approach

This paper propose to employ the SPF approach (stochastic production frontier) to measure the technical efficiency of the country level for best economic performance, as the measure of growth is the essential practice to comprehend the roots of economic growth. It is evident from the results, that there is an essential difference in the perception of the technical efficiency cross-country and the total factor productivity traditional growth measurement. The SPF Model as well allows us to search for technical efficiency sources. The sources of Technical inefficiency cross-country are demonstrated by institutional arrangements. We find amongst all the different measures of institutions the role of openness to international trade, the State and political institutions are important factors of the global economic performance divergence

Role of Political Institutions on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence

This paper explores the effect of political institutions on economic development via its causation of economic reforms. Focusing on the causality between political institutions – democracy, specifically – and economic reforms. After all, one way of improving society's well-being is through promoting economic growth, thereby narrowing the cross-country income differences. We investigate whether economic reforms are more likely to take place in democracies since greater accountability may lead the government to adopt measures that gain majority support. Economic reforms are referred to as comprehensive measures that broaden the market's scope including the international. Using the same methodology as in the previous paper1, the dynamic panel GMM estimator, we study whether democracy causes economic reforms in different sectors, namely fiscal measures, trade liberalisation, credit market liberalisation, capital account openness and labour market deregulation. Reciprocally, test if economic reforms cause the democratisation process, and how political institutions and economic reforms interact

The Contribution of Education to Economic Development

Education is a comprehensive term for academic studies and developing talents and skills. It's an essential factor in Human capital development. Human capital investment is a fundamental issue for countries to sustainable economic development achievement; furthermore, it sang the community members to grasp themselves and the surrounding circumstances and the impact of the global variants. Education improves the quality of living, benefits society; productivity and innovation; subsequently promotes entrepreneurship. Education helps the poor and improves their food intake by increasing families' incomes and spending on health and food, to raise their standard of living and make them better healthier choices

Inequality in Education and Income Across Countries

This paper examines the relationship between educational inequalities to income inequality cross-countries, using Gini Coefficient and Cobb-Douglas (CD) production function. It reinforces the future vision of the literature on this subject by utilising the most recent cross-section data. We create a new combination of controls for both the labour market and socio-political. There are country-specific variables that can have an effect on each of them, and thus make it difficult to assess income inequality across countries. Considering these difficulties, the structural components of each country were controlled. Separate regressions are performed that takes into account the level of country development