Российская судебная практика по таможенным спорам: методология анализа, современная динамика и значение в развитии системы таможенного права

Актуальность данной темы заключается в том, что вопрос правовой природы российской судебной практики, понимания ее места и значения в таможенном праве России всегда привлекал ученых-правоведов и юристов, которые занимаются практической стороной данного вопроса. В дипломной работе рассмотрена российская судебная практика по таможенным спорам, возникающим между таможенными органами и участниками ВЭД в процессе совершения таможенных формальностей. Кроме того, описаны методологические особенности обобщения российской судебной практики по таможенным спорам, проанализированы современные тенденции в развитии судебной практики в указанной области, а также обозначено значение судебного прецедента в национальной системе таможенного права.This topic is relevant in connection with the fact that the issue of the legal nature of Russian judicial practice, the understanding of its place and significance in the customs law of Russia has always attracted scholars of jurisprudence and lawyers who deal with the practical side of this issue. The graduate work is about the Russian judicial practice on customs disputes arising between customs authorities and foreign trade participants in the process of customs formalities. In addition, the methodological features of the generalization of the Russian judicial practice in customs disputes are described, current trends in the development of judicial practice in this area are analyzed, and the significance of the judicial precedent in the national system of customs law is indicated

Aging and Replicative Senescence Have Related Effects on Human Stem and Progenitor Cells

The regenerative potential diminishes with age and this has been ascribed to functional impairments of adult stem cells. Cells in culture undergo senescence after a certain number of cell divisions whereby the cells enlarge and finally stop proliferation. This observation of replicative senescence has been extrapolated to somatic stem cells in vivo and might reflect the aging process of the whole organism. In this study we have analyzed the effect of aging on gene expression profiles of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). MSC were isolated from bone marrow of donors between 21 and 92 years old. 67 genes were age-induced and 60 were age-repressed. HPC were isolated from cord blood or from mobilized peripheral blood of donors between 27 and 73 years and 432 genes were age-induced and 495 were age-repressed. The overlap of age-associated differential gene expression in HPC and MSC was moderate. However, it was striking that several age-related gene expression changes in both MSC and HPC were also differentially expressed upon replicative senescence of MSC in vitro. Especially genes involved in genomic integrity and regulation of transcription were age-repressed. Although telomerase activity and telomere length varied in HPC particularly from older donors, an age-dependent decline was not significant arguing against telomere exhaustion as being causal for the aging phenotype. These studies have demonstrated that aging causes gene expression changes in human MSC and HPC that vary between the two different cell types. Changes upon aging of MSC and HPC are related to those of replicative senescence of MSC in vitro and this indicates that our stem and progenitor cells undergo a similar process also in vivo

Повышение эффективности противопожарной защиты магазина «Fix Price»

Целью работы является усовершенствование системы противопожарной защиты магазина "Fix Price". В выпускной квалификационной работе проведен обзор литературных источников по вопросам состояния проблем обеспечения пожарной безопасности на предприятиях торговли, дан анализ автоматических систем пожаротушения, обоснован выбор автоматической установки пожаротушения тонкораспылённой водой для объекта исследования, произведены расчёты индивидуального пожарного риска.The aim of the work is to improve the fire protection system of the "Fix Price" store. In the final qualifying work, a review of literature sources on the state of problems of fire safety in commercial enterprises is conducted, an analysis of automatic fire extinguishing systems is given, the choice of an automatic fire extinguishing system with thin-sprayed water for the object of research is justified, and calculations of individual fire risk are made

Serum after Autologous Transplantation Stimulates Proliferation and Expansion of Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Regeneration after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) depends on enormous activation of the stem cell pool. So far, it is hardly understood how these cells are recruited into proliferation and self-renewal. In this study, we have addressed the question if systemically released factors are involved in activation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPC) after autologous HSCT. Serum was taken from patients before chemotherapy, during neutropenia and after hematopoietic recovery. Subsequently, it was used as supplement for in vitro culture of CD34+ cord blood HPC. Serum taken under hematopoietic stress (4 to 11 days after HSCT) significantly enhanced proliferation, maintained primitive immunophenotype (CD34+, CD133+, CD45−) for more cell divisions and increased colony forming units (CFU) as well as the number of cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFC). The stimulatory effect decays to normal levels after hematopoietic recovery (more than 2 weeks after HSCT). Chemokine profiling revealed a decline of several growth-factors during neutropenia, including platelet-derived growth factors PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB and PDGF-BB, whereas expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) increased. These results demonstrate that systemically released factors play an important role for stimulation of hematopoietic regeneration after autologous HSCT. This feedback mechanism opens new perspectives for in vivo stimulation of the stem cell pool

In vitro Expansion von hämatopoetischen Stamm- und Progenitorzellen durch Komponenten der Stammzellnische

A successful in vitro expansion of hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cells (HPC) is important for reliable cord blood stem cell transplantations with low cell numbers. For in vitro cultivation of HPC, there are no safe protocols existing which provide the ability to control self-renewal and differentiation. In this study, analyses of cell divisions and immunophenotype demonstrated that co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) especially stimulates proliferation of the primitive HPC subset (CD34+ CD133+ CD38-) and also maintenance of a more primitive immunophenotype. Without co-culture, the cells rapidly undergo maturation. In particular, early MSC passages were suitable for culture-expansion of HPC. The expression of specific adhesion proteins (N-Cadherine and VCAM1) and extracellular matrix binding-proteins (CD44 and ITGB1) was specifically inhibited by siRNA knockdown resulting in a higher proportion of quiescent HPC as well as maintenance of primitive immunophenotype. Subsequently, the effect of addition of 5 previously described cytokines (SCF, TPO, FGF, ANGPTL5 and IGFBP2) on proliferation and immunophenotype of HPC was analyzed in 20 different combinations with and without MSC-co-culture. Addition of SCF, TPO and FGF enhanced expansion of HPC without and with MSC-co-culture. Furthermore, transplantation experiments in a murine model showed an enhancement of hematopoietic reconstitution with co-cultured HPC. As a next step, factors were investigated that might regulate and control regeneration of hematopoiesis after chemotherapy. Serum was obtained from patients before and at different time points after autologous stem cell transplantation. 10% of serum was added to culture medium to test its influence on proliferation and immunophenotype of HPC cultured with and without MSC. Serum isolated 4 to 11 days after transplantation significantly enhanced proliferation, colony-stimulating activity and maintenance of primitive immunophenotype. This stimulating effect was hardly detectable with serum isolated more than 14 days after transplantation. Chemokine arrays were used to analyze the chemokine composition of serum samples. Among 174 chemokines, 8 (including 3 PDGF isoforms) were significantly down-regulated during hematopoietic stimulation on day 8, only concentration of monocyte-chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) was increased. In conclusion, these results verify that co-culture with MSC enhances HPC-proliferation together with maintenance of stem cell function. This effect is further promoted by suitable chemokines. In addition, the hematopoietic reconstitution seems to be controlled through systemic mechanisms of regulation. Therefore, the results of this study further contribute to a better understanding of the regulative and controlling mechanisms in the hematopoietic stem cell niche

MicroRNA expression profiles of serum from patients before and after chemotherapy

AbstractRecovery of the blood and immune system after chemotherapy requires proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPSCs). It has been shown that systemically released factors in serum after chemotherapy stimulate HSPC expansion in vitro. We wondered if microRNAs (miRNAs) circulating in serum could account for this effect. Therefore, we compared the miRNA expression profiles of serum from patients with hematologic malignancies before and after chemotherapy. In addition to a general decrease in miRNA expression after chemotherapy, we found 23 miRNAs to be significantly differentially expressed in serum before versus after chemotherapy. The miRNA microarray data are available at NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Series accession number GSE57570. Here, we provide a detailed protocol of the miRNA microarray and data analysis