1-(3-Chloro­phen­yl)-3-(1-p-tolyl­imidazolidin-2-yl­idene)urea

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C17H17ClN4O, the existence of only one 2-imino–oxo of the five possible N-amino–imino/O-keto–hydr­oxy tautomers is observed and the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 29.78 (11)°. The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by intra­molecular C—H⋯N, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, in each case generating a six-membered ring. In the crystal structure, the glide-plane-related mol­ecules are linked into C(4) amide chains by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and an inter­molecular C—H⋯O link also occurs

1,3-Dimethyl-5-methyl­sulfonyl-1H-pyrazolo­[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazine

In the title compound, C7H9N5O2S, the pyrazolo­[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazine fused-ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.0420 (3) Å]. In the crystal, mol­ecules related by twofold axes are linked into a mol­ecular net via inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. π–π inter­actions are observed between the triazine and pyrazole rings of mol­ecules related by the the twofold axis and inversion symmetry with centroid–centroid distances of 3.778 (3) and 3.416 (3) Å, respectively

5,6,7,8-Tetra­hydro­quinolin-8-one

In the quinoline fused-ring system of the title compound, C9H9NO, the pyridine ring is planar to within 0.011 (3) Å, while the partially saturated cyclo­hexene ring adopts a sofa conformation with an asymmetry parameter ΔC s(C6) = 1.5 (4)°. There are no classical hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure. Mol­ecules form mol­ecular layers parallel to (100) with a distance between the layers of a/2 = 3.468 Å

5,6,7,8-Tetra­hydro­quinoline 1-oxide hemihydrate

In the title compound, C9H11NO·0.5H2O, the asymmetric unit contains two similar mol­ecules of 5,6,7,8-tetra­hydro­quinoline 1-oxide and one water mol­ecule. The water mol­ecule links the two O atoms of both independent N-oxides into dimers via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network along [101], which is additionally stabilized by weak C—H⋯O inter­molecular inter­actions. In each mol­ecule, the saturated six-membered rings exist in a conformation inter­mediate between a half-chair and sofa

Winter Bird Assemblages in Rural and Urban Environments: A National Survey

Urban development has a marked effect on the ecological and behavioural traits of many living organisms, including birds. In this paper, we analysed differences in the numbers of wintering birds between rural and urban areas in Poland. We also analysed species richness and abundance in relation to longitude, latitude, human population size, and landscape structure. All these parameters were analysed using modern statistical techniques incorporating species detectability. We counted birds in 156 squares (0.25 km2 each) in December 2012 and again in January 2013 in locations in and around 26 urban areas across Poland (in each urban area we surveyed 3 squares and 3 squares in nearby rural areas). The influence of twelve potential environmental variables on species abundance and richness was assessed with Generalized Linear Mixed Models, Principal Components and Detrended Correspondence Analyses. Totals of 72 bird species and 89,710 individual birds were recorded in this study. On average (±SE) 13.3 ± 0.3 species and 288 ± 14 individuals were recorded in each square in each survey. A formal comparison of rural and urban areas revealed that 27 species had a significant preference; 17 to rural areas and 10 to urban areas. Moreover, overall abundance in urban areas was more than double that of rural areas. There was almost a complete separation of rural and urban bird communities. Significantly more birds and more bird species were recorded in January compared to December. We conclude that differences between rural and urban areas in terms of winter conditions and the availability of resources are reflected in different bird communities in the two environments

Czerniaki skóry - zasady postępowania diagnostyczno-terapeutycznego

Excisional biopsy of suspicious melanomatous skin lesions likely to be diagnosed as early melanomas is crucial in establishing diagnosis and prognostic factors. Early diagnosis and surgical removal of cutaneous melanoma not only improves patients’ prognosis, but it is also associated with approximately 90% likelihood of cure. Next steps in the therapeutical management of cutaneous melanoma following excisional biopsy are radical scar excision with adequate margins and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Radical lymph node dissection is recommended in case of regional lymph node metastases. High-risk patients should be enrolled into prospective clinical trials on adjuvant therapy. The treatment of melanoma patients with distant metastases is of limited value. Long-term survival is confined to selected group of patients (metastases to extra-regional nodes, subcutaneous tissue and lungs). The benefits of immunotherapy/immunochemotherapy as compared to dacarbazine monotherapy have not been proven. Patients with metastatic disease should be treated within the frame of clinical trials.Dla rozpoznawania i ustalenia najważniejszych czynników rokowniczych podstawowe znaczenie ma biopsja wycinająca podejrzanych zmian barwnikowych skóry, które mogą być wczesnymi czerniakami. Wczesne rozpoznanie i chirurgiczne usunięcie czerniaka nie tylko poprawia rokowanie, ale daje szansę wyleczenia u około 90% chorych. Kolejne etapy postępowania terapeutycznego obejmują kwalifikację chorych do radykalnego wycięcia blizny po biopsji wycinającej z właściwymi marginesami oraz wykonania biopsji węzła wartowniczego. W przypadku przerzutów do regionalnych węzłów chłonnych postępowaniem z wyboru jest wykonanie radykalnej limfadenektomii. Zaleca się włączanie chorych na czerniaki skóry o wysokim ryzyku nawrotu do prospektywnych badań klinicznych nad leczeniem uzupełniającym. Leczenie chorych z przerzutami ma obecnie bardzo ograniczoną wartość. Długoletnie przeżycia dotyczą niewielu chorych (przerzuty w pozaregionalnych węzłach chłonnych, tkance podskórnej lub płucach). Nie udowodniono przewagi immunoterapii lub immunochemioterapii nad monoterapią z zastosowaniem dakarbazyny. U chorych w stadium uogólnienia najwłaściwsze jest stosowanie leczenia w ramach klinicznych badań