Atmospheric temperature, water vapour and liquid water path from two microwave radiometers during MOSAiC

The microwave radiometers HATPRO (Humidity and Temperature Profiler) and MiRAC-P (Microwave Radiometer for Arctic Clouds - Passive) continuously measured radiation emitted from the atmosphere throughout the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition on board the research vessel Polarstern. From the measured brightness temperatures, we have retrieved atmospheric variables using statistical methods in a temporal resolution of 1 s covering October 2019 to October 2020. The integrated water vapour (IWV) is derived individually from both radiometers. In addition, we present the liquid water path (LWP), temperature and absolute humidity profiles from HATPRO. To prove the quality and to estimate uncertainty, the data sets are compared to radiosonde measurements from Polarstern. The comparison shows an extremely good agreement for IWV, with standard deviations of 0.08–0.19 kg m−2 (0.39–1.47 kg m−2) in dry (moist) situations. The derived profiles of temperature and humidity denote uncertainties of 0.7–1.8 K and 0.6–0.45 gm−3 in 0–2 km altitude

Measurements of micro rain radar at AWIPEV, Ny-Ålesund (2018)

The Micro Rain Radar (MRR; type MRR2) - manufactured by Meteorologische Messtechnik GmbH (Metek) - is a vertically pointing frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) Doppler radar operating at 24.1 GHz (K band). The backscattered signal by falling hydrometeors is measured at 32 range gates. This data includes the output of the Improved MRR Processing Tool (IMProToo; Maahn and Kollias, 2012) for the MRR measurements at AWIPEV in 2018. IMProToo provides reliable values of equivalent radar reflectivity Ze, Doppler velocity and spectral width among other variables

Measurements of micro rain radar at AWIPEV, Ny-Ålesund (2017)

The Micro Rain Radar (MRR; type MRR2) - manufactured by Meteorologische Messtechnik GmbH (Metek) - is a vertically pointing frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) Doppler radar operating at 24.1 GHz (K band). The backscattered signal by falling hydrometeors is measured at 32 range gates. This data includes the output of the Improved MRR Processing Tool (IMProToo; Maahn and Kollias, 2012) for the MRR measurements at AWIPEV in 2017. IMProToo provides reliable values of equivalent radar reflectivity Ze, Doppler velocity and spectral width among other variables

Measurements of micro rain radar at AWIPEV, Ny-Ålesund (2021)

The Micro Rain Radar (MRR; type MRR2) - manufactured by Meteorologische Messtechnik GmbH (Metek) - is a vertically pointing frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) Doppler radar operating at 24.1 GHz (K band). The backscattered signal by falling hydrometeors is measured at 32 range gates. This data includes the output of the Improved MRR Processing Tool (IMProToo; Maahn and Kollias, 2012) for the MRR measurements at AWIPEV in 2021. IMProToo provides reliable values of equivalent radar reflectivity Ze, Doppler velocity and spectral width among other variables

Measurements of micro rain radar at AWIPEV, Ny-Ålesund (2017-2021)

The Micro Rain Radar (MRR; type MRR2) - manufactured by Meteorologische Messtechnik GmbH (Metek) - is a vertically pointing frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) Doppler radar operating at 24.1 GHz (K band). The backscattered signal by falling hydrometeors is measured at 32 range gates. This data includes the output of the Improved MRR Processing Tool (IMProToo; Maahn and Kollias, 2012) for the MRR measurements at AWIPEV in 2017-2021. IMProToo provides reliable values of equivalent radar reflectivity Ze, Doppler velocity and spectral width among other variables

Measurements of micro rain radar at AWIPEV, Ny-Ålesund (2019)

The Micro Rain Radar (MRR; type MRR2) - manufactured by Meteorologische Messtechnik GmbH (Metek) - is a vertically pointing frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) Doppler radar operating at 24.1 GHz (K band). The backscattered signal by falling hydrometeors is measured at 32 range gates. This data includes the output of the Improved MRR Processing Tool (IMProToo; Maahn and Kollias, 2012) for the MRR measurements at AWIPEV in 2019. IMProToo provides reliable values of equivalent radar reflectivity Ze, Doppler velocity and spectral width among other variables

Measurements of micro rain radar at AWIPEV, Ny-Ålesund (2020)

The Micro Rain Radar (MRR; type MRR2) - manufactured by Meteorologische Messtechnik GmbH (Metek) - is a vertically pointing frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) Doppler radar operating at 24.1 GHz (K band). The backscattered signal by falling hydrometeors is measured at 32 range gates. This data includes the output of the Improved MRR Processing Tool (IMProToo; Maahn and Kollias, 2012) for the MRR measurements at AWIPEV in 2020. IMProToo provides reliable values of equivalent radar reflectivity Ze, Doppler velocity and spectral width among other variables

Sea ice temperature profiles measured during RV POLARSTERN cruise PS131

Ice core samples were obtained with a 9 cm Kovacs corer during the Polarstern cruise PS131 on ice stations between mid-July and 6th of August 2022 in the marginal ice zone in the Fram Strait and at two ice stations on fast ice (Greenland). This dataset contains temperature profiles obtained by drilling holes in 4 cm intervals (for the upper 40cm) and 10 cm intervals for the rest and inserting a waterproof thermometer with a needle probe. For most of the samples, the whole ice layer was sampled, but for some, only the upper 40 cm were measured. However, the measured total ice thickness is included in the dataset. For more information of these measurements the user is referred to Chapter 8 of the cruise report