Effect of drains coverings on environment by using value engineering

Drains coverings (DC) are used to pass the small discharge to function as bridge. There are two types for coverings, pipe or box type. The main problems which lead to a perceived need to cover a drain are: to minimize the adverse impact of a polluted drain, especially close to residential areas, need to use the land area occupied by the drain for an access road or some other use, poor soil stability leading to bank failure, and to protect them from pollution. DC has many effects on the environment. The main objective of this study is using value engineering (VE) to explain the effects of DC on the environment. Life cycle cost (LCC) methodology is used also to compare between two alternatives for drains. These alternatives are (i) surface drains, (ii) drains coverings. Results show that the best alternative for the environment is drains coverings

Estimating the potential evapo-transpiration and crop coefficient from climatic data in Middle Delta of Egypt

There are many empirical and theoretical equations to estimate the value of the potential evapo-transpiration (PET) under certain weather conditions. The relation between PET and climatic factors has the greatest role in the development of such equations. The main goal of this study is to propose empirical equations for estimating the PET of climatic data for Middle Delta of Egypt and modify the Blaney–Criddle equation using data in the period from 1990 to 2006. The climatic data during the period from 1990 to 2000 is used to propose the empirical equation and modified Blaney–Criddle equation. The result of the proposed equation is more accurate in calculating PET. Monthly crop coefficient (Kco) for crops cultivated in this area is estimated for the proposed equation in the study area and is compared with the measured values. Sensitivity analysis is used to quantify the impact of climatic parameters on the potential evapo-transpiration and crop coefficient

Managing risks of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Egypt

Egypt depends on the Nile River to secure 95% of the water needed for different purposes as drinking, household uses, agriculture, fishing source, water transportation, tourism, electricity generation from the High Dam and industry. Although, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is essential to Ethiopia’s development, many research pointed out its negative impact on Egypt. Although previous researches addressed the problem of GERD using stochastic data, they used deterministic methods. This paper aims to use a stochastic method to assess risks of GERD on Egypt, and propose strategies to mitigate these risks. Management actions and policies are proposed to manage fresh water resources and mitigate GERD risks. The study concluded that the expected amount of saved water using proposed strategies exceeds the expected losses caused by GERD by 12.1 Billion m3. Adopting the suggested strategies could reduce or eliminate the impact of GERD on Egypt. Keywords: Risk, Risk mitigation, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Nile River, Water saving strategies, Egyp