DAYA REGENERASI KALUS DAN TUNAS IN VITRO PADI VARIETAS TARABAS PADA BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI 2,4-D

In Vitro Callus and Plant Regeneration Rate of Tarabas Rice on Several Concentrations of 2,4-D The Agricultural Research and Development Agency and the West Java Provincial Government are developing new superior varieties with Japonica rice standards, namely the Tarabas variety. However, the equivalence of somatic embryogenesis ability of Tarabas rice with original Japonica variety has not been reported. In this study, the frequency of callus regeneration of Tarabas vs Hwayoung rice varieties was compared. Induction of callus from mature embryos with several concentrations of 2,4-D showed the same extent of callus formation in both rice varieties. Callus induced by 1 ppm of 2,4-D showed the higher rate of shoot formation. On the other hand, percentage of callus formation of Tarabas rice was not affected by the increase of 2,4-D concentrations and was able to show 100% regeneration rate  at the fourth week in the regeneration medium, although the shoot growth was not as fast as those from medium with 1 ppm 2,4-D. Therefore, these results suggest that Tarabas variety has a somatic embryogenesis capacity equivalent to that of japonica rice and has the potential as research objects in the field of biotechnology. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian serta Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat mengembangkan varietas unggul baru dengan standar padi Japonica yaitu varietas Tarabas. Namun, kesetaraan varietas Tarabas dengan varietas Japonica asli dalam kemampuan embriogenesis somatik belum dilaporkan. Penelitian ini membandingkan respons kultur jaringan antara beras Tarabas dan padi Japonica varietas Hwayoung. Induksi kalus dari embrio matang dengan beberapa konsentrasi 2,4-D menunjukkan respons pembentukan kalus yang sama pada kedua varietas padi. Kalus yang diinduksi 1 ppm 2,4-D menunjukkan laju pembentukan tunas yang lebih tinggi. Di sisi lain, kalus Hwayoung yang diinduksi konsentrasi 2,4-D yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan penghambatan dalam pembentukan tunas. Di lain pihak, pembentukan kalus padi Tarabas tidak terpengaruh oleh peningkatan konsentrasi 2,4-D dan mampu menunjukkan 100% laju regenerasi tanaman pada minggu keempat di media regenerasi walaupun pertumbuhan tunas tidak secepat pada perlakuan 1 ppm 2,4-D. Karena itu, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa varietas Tarabas memiliki kapasitas embriogenesis somatik yang setara dengan padi japonica dan padi Tarabas mempunyai potensi sebagai obyek penelitian di bidang bioteknologi

Expression of cytokinin responsive and ethylene biosynthesis genes in rice callus with different regeneration rates

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between callus regeneration rate and the expression of several genes responsible for cytokinin response and ethylene biosynthesis in the Ciherang, Mentik Wangi Susu, Hwayoung and Tarabas rice varieties. The callus regeneration rate of each rice variety was in vitro tested using N6 media, while the gene expression during the callus regeneration stages was examined using quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). Our results showed that the callus of Ciherang and Mentik Wangi Susu showed earlier green spot formation that then turned brown at a later stage, resulting in a low regeneration rate. While Hwayoung and Tarabas showed late green spot formation, high shoot regeneration was observed in both calluses. Gene expression analysis of regeneration media‐grown calluses showed that two cytokinin‐responsive genes, OsRR2 and OsRR6, were highly expressed in the Ciherang and Hwayoung callus, respectively. We also observed that ethylene biosynthesis genes such as OsACS1 and OsACO1 were highly expressed in the Mentik Wangi Susu and Hwayoung callus, respectively. Moreover, the expression of OsBBM1 was high in Hwayoung and Tarabas. Thus, the positive correlation between the expression of cytokinin‐responsive and ethylene biosynthesis genes with somatic embryogenesis activity likely depends on the induction level of OsBBM1

Unfolded protein response in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties with different level of salt stress tolerance

Plants activate the unfolded protein response as part of cellular adaptation, thereby maintaining the endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis during external stresses exposure. In this study, we examined the relationship between the degree of salt tolerance and unfolded protein response-related gene expression in India salt-tolerant Pokkali and INPARI 35 varieties compared to the Indica salt-sensitive counterpart IR64 and INPARI 4 varieties.  Our result showed that the salt tolerance of Pokkali and INPARI 35 had been confirmed by their higher survival rate, higher chlorophyll content, lower electrolyte leakage, and lower H2O2 and malondialdehyde content under salt stress conditions. Furthermore, the expression of unfolded protein response genes was highest in INPARI 35, whereas IR64 and INPARI 4 exhibited low gene induction during endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions. Among the four examined varieties the salt tolerant Pokkali surprisingly showed the lowest induction of all examined unfolded protein response-related genes. These results indicated the possibility that unfolded protein response supports the rice plant for adapting to the saline environment

PENGARUH JENIS AUKSIN TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN KALUS DAN DAYA REGENERASI TIGA VARIETAS PADI LOKAL

ABSTRACT Indonesia is rich in rice genetic diversity in the form of javanica rice. Subspecies javanica have some superiority characters, among others a strong plant tissue, but in generally they have low productivity. Weaknesses of javanica rice can be repaired by biotechnology through genetic transformation techniques from callus of plant. Auxin types and genotypes are important factors for callus induction and plant regeneration. Therefore, this research held for know callus introduction and plant regeneration of three varieties of Javanica rice (Pendok, Genjah Arum, and Menthik Wangi Susu) combined with type of auxin (2,4-D and pychloram). The experimental design of RALs two factorials, there are three varieties of rice (Pendok, Genjah Arum, and Menthik Wangi Susu) and two types of auxin (2,4-D and Pychloram) and analyzed by DMRT α5%. The results of this study is Mentik Wangi Susu have highest regeneration than Pendok and Genjah Arum. The use of 2,4-D resulted in a higher callus induction and plant regeneration than pychloram in the three rice varieties used. While the best combination of treatments for callus induction and regeneration is Menthik Wangi Susu and 2,4-D. Keyword: auxin, javanica, callus induction, plant regeneration. ABSTRAK Indonesia kaya akan keragaman genetik padi berupa padi javanica. Padi sub spesies javanica memiliki beberapa keunggulan diantaranya jaringan tanaman yang kuat, namun pada umumnya mempunyai tingkat produktivitas gabah yang rendah. Kelemahan pada padi javanica dapat diperbaiki dengan bioteknologi melalui teknik transformasi genetik menggunakan jaringan kalus. Genotip dan jenis auksin merupakan faktor penting dalam induksi kalus dan regenerasi tanaman padi secara in vitro. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui daya pembentukan kalus dan regenerasi pada tiga varietas padi javanica, yaitu Pendok, Genjah Arum, dan Menthik Wangi Susu yang dikombinasikan dengan perlakuan jenis auksin berupa penggunaan 2,4-D dan pikloram. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah RAL dua faktorial yaitu varietas tanaman padi dan jenis auksin  dengan pengujian  menggunakan DMRT α5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari ketiga varietas padi yang digunakan, varietas Mentik Wangi Susu menunjukan daya regenerasi yang tertinggi dibandingkan varietas Pendok dan Genjah Arum.  Penggunaan 2,4-D menghasilkan tingkat pengkalusan dan regenerasi yang tinggi dibandingkan pikloram pada tiga varietas padi yang digunakan. Sedangkan kombinasi perlakuan yang terbaik untuk induksi kalus dan daya regenerasi adalah penggunaan varietas Menthik Wangi Susu dan auksin dalam bentuk 2,4-D.  Kata Kunci: auksin, javanica, induksi kalus, regenerasi tanaman.&nbsp

Resistance gene expression in selected Indonesian pigmented rice varieties against infection by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is limited by bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). For decades, researchers have attempted to control this disease by growing plants with blight‐resistant Xa genes. Genetic resources often vary between rice varieties, and there is little information about the genetic resources of the pigmented rice varieties widely grown in Indonesia and their resistance genes against Xoo. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of Xa genes in pigmented rice such as Inpari 24 and Cempo Merah (red‐pigmented) along with Hitam Bantul (black‐pigmented) and white rice varieties IR64 and Ciherang, and to evaluate their resistance to BLB. All varieties carried the Xa4, Xa10 and xa13 genes but varied in the Xa1, Xa7 and Xa21 genes. The rice varieties expressed some of these genes only after inoculation with Xoo. Disease assessment categorised the three different pigmented rice varieties as resistant (Ciherang, Cempo Merah and Hitam Bantul), while IR64 (white) and Inpari 24 (red) were moderately resistant. There was no specific pattern of Xa genes possession, quality of expression or resistance level to X. oryzae pv. oryzae. Therefore, when breeding plants, the selection of parental variety must be considered in terms of the possession and expression of Xa genes such as Xa10 as a molecular marker for resistance

Effect of Potassium Fertilization on Growth and Head Rice Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Merah Wangi Variety

The fertilization management is one strategy to optimize the quantity and quality of rice production. Our study was aimedto investigate the effect of potassium fertilization several agronomical parameters andthe rate of head rice after milling process. The study was conducted from March 2018 to July 2018 in the Agrotechnopark experimental field University of Jember in District of Sukorambi, Jember. Randomized Block Design (RBD) was used with the frequency of potassium chlorice (KCl) fertilization asthe single factor. The conducted potassium treatments were as follows: without KCl fertilization (control), one-time KCl fertilization, two times KCl fertilization, three times KCl fertilization and each fertilization level was conducted by sixrepetitions. The agronomic parameters such as plant height, tiller number, flowering time, rate of productive tillers, grain number per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, and percentage of filled grain were analyzed and percentage of head rice rate was determined as quality parameter. Our results showed that different treatment of potassium did not significantly affect the plant height, tillernumber, flowering time, rate of productive tillers, total grains per panicle, and weight of 1000 grains. On the other hands, the percentage of filled grainand the rate of head rice after milling were significantly increased by potassium fertilization. Compare to the control treatment, three times potassium fertilization resulted 9.24% and 13.83% increase of filled grain and head rice after two times milling, respectively. Our result suggest that potassium fertilization is important for grainquality of Merah Wangi rice variety. Keywords: Merah Wangi, potassium fertilization, growth, physical quality

Pengaruh Penambahan Inhibitor Etilen dan Senyawa Antioksidan terhadap Regenerasi Kalus Padi Mentik Wangi Susu

Kalus padi Mentik Wangi Susu memiliki tingkat regenerasi tunas yang rendah karena tingkat pencokelatan kalus yang tinggi dalam media regenerasi. Pencokelatan kalus dipicu oleh tingginya akumulasi etilen dan fenol selama kultur in vitro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efikasi antara inhibitor etilen dan antioksidan dalam mengurangi pencoklatan kalus serta meningkatkan regenerasi tunas pada kalus Mentik Wangi Susu. Perlakuan dilakukan dengan melakukan penambahan inhibitor etilen (putrecine atau perak nitrat) atau antioksidan (polyvinylpyrrolidone atau asam askorbat) dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda ke semua media kultur jaringan. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan Uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) dilakukan apabila antar perlakuan menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat pencoklatan kalus Mentik Wangi Susu hanya dapat dihambat secara nyata melalui penambahan polyvinylpyrrolidone ke dalam media regenerasi. Selain itu, perlakuan polyvinylpyrrolidone 0,3 g/l dan putresin 10 mM menghasilkan regenerasi tunas masing-masing sebesar 47% dan 41%, yang tertinggi di antara perlakuan lainnya. Oleh karena itu, polyvinylpyrrolidone dan putresin masing-masing merupakan antioksidan dan inhibitor etilen terbaik untuk meningkatkan regenerasi tunas kalus Mentik Wangi Susu

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI DAN INTERVAL PENYEMPROTAN PUPUK CAIR DARI LIMBAH KARET TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.)

ABSTRACT Rubber is one of the important plantation crops for Indonesia. Rubber production that continues to increase is inseparable from the rubber waste produced, especially rubber wastewater. Rubber liquid waste can be managed into liquid fertilizer because there are carbon and nitrogen contents that can be used by microbes as growth substrate. Exploitation of rubber liquid waste is also expected to be able to solve existing problems in the cultivation of shallots, especially in the formation of tubers and minimize the use of chemical fertilizers. This study aims to determine the effect of liquid fertilizer concentration and interval of spraying liquid fertilizer from rubber waste on the growth and yield of shallots. The liquid fertilizer concentration used is 0 ml/l, 5 ml/l, 10 ml/l and 15 ml/l. The liquid fertilizer spraying interval used is 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks. Data obtained next analyzed and tested using DMRT α 5%. The result showed te best treatment combination for concentration of 15 ml/l and a spraying interval of 1 week. Keywords: rubber waste, concentration, spraying interval, shallots ABSTRAK Karet merupakan salah satu tanaman perkebunan yang penting bagi Indonesia. Produksi karet yang terus meningkat tidak lepas dari limbah karet yang dihasilkan khususnya limbah cair karet. Limbah cair karet dapat dikelola menjadi pupuk cair dikarenakan terdapat kandungan karbon dan nitrogen yang dapat digunakan oleh mikroba sebagai subtrat pertumbuhan. Pemanfaatan limbah cair karet diharapkan juga dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan yang ada dalam budidaya tanaman bawang merah khususnya dala pembentukan umbi dan meminimalisir penggunaan pupuk kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi pupuk cair dan interval penyemprotan pupuk cair dari limbah karet terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang merah. Konsentrasi pupuk cair yang digunakan antara lain 0 ml/l, 5 ml/l, 10 ml/l dan 15 ml/l. Interval penyemprotan pupuk cair yang digunakan antara lain 1 minggu, 2 minggu dan 3 minggu. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis dan diuji menggunakan DMRT α 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kombinasi perlakuan terbaik untuk konsentrasi dan interval penyemprotan pupuk cair adalah konsentrasi 15 ml/l dan interval penyemprotan 1 minggu. Kata Kunci: limbah karet, konsentrasi, interval penyemprotan, bawang mera

PENGARUH SAMPAH ORGANIK TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA VERMIKOMPOS

Vermicompost is a fertilizer produced by composting organic matter by utilizing the interaction between earthworms and microorganism. Vermicompost also contains a number of macro and micro nutrients needed by plants. Besides containing macro and micro of nutrients, vermicompost also containing growth hormone such as cytokinins and auxins which are produced by worms during the composting process. The benefits of vermicompost are that it can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, increase the ability of the soil to retain water, rebuild damaged soil structures and increase ability of the soil to exchange cations. The fermentation process lasted for 14 days using Lumbricus rubellus worms. The choice of this type worm is based on its character which has a high level of productivity, can eat all types of organic matter, is much more adaptive and move less actively. This research was held in Sumbersalak Village, Ledokombo District, Jember Regency and also involving the Kenconowungu farmer group. Goat manure become waste in this village so it has potential to be developed further as the main ingredient for vermicompost. The other additional materials such as vegetable and fruits waste, and leaf litter were used as factor (treatment). These three types of materials are used to find out which treatment gives the best vermicompost quality. Chemical analysis was carried out in this study to determine the organic N, P, K, C organic, pH, and water content. The result of the analysis will be compared with the standards of Minister of Agriculture No.70 of 2011

Upaya Kemandirian Benih di Desa Sumbersalak Ledokombo Kabupaten Jember, Melalui Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat

Implementation of community service regarding plant breeding was carried out in Sumbersalak Village, Ledokombo District with the Kenconowungu farmer group. The activities in this service program are to provide knowledge and understanding related to rice plant breeding. Breeding is carried out by crossing rice plants with the aim of producing superior rice varieties in accordance with the problems of farmers in Sumbersalak village. To improve theoretical mastery of the material, the method used is through material presentation activities, discussion sessions and evaluation. To facilitate the transfer of mastery of plant crossing skills in the field to target farmers, the direct practice method is used. The results of the service evaluation show that all target audiences have experienced a change in mastery of knowledge from not knowing and not understanding to knowing and understanding how to cross rice plant