Antioxidative responses of Cocos nucifera against infestation by the Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, a new invasive coconut pest in Malaysia

Interaction between the Red Palm Weevil (RPW) and coconuts will stimulate the plants’ early response by producing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes lipid peroxidation and membrane damage of the host plants. Thus, a multiple defense lines, including both scavenging enzymes and molecular antioxidants have been evolved to promptly inactivate these radicals. This study investigated the responses of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and carotenoids contents of three coconut cultivars which were PANDAN, MAWA and MATAG against the RPW infestation. The infested PANDAN and MAWA exhibited higher CAT, POD and APX specific activities of 2.60 ± 0.11, 5.0 ± 0.72 and 1.58 ± 0.20 units/mg protein for PANDAN whereas 1.13 ± 0.04, 39.38 ± 2.29 and 1.15 ± 0.16 units/mg, protein for MAWA) compared with controls. However, MATAG cultivar showed no significant difference (p<0.05) in the production of both enzymes except for POD specific activities. RPW infestations only managed to trigger the α-tocopherol concentrations in the MAWA cultivar compared with the others. Infested MAWA and MATAG increased the ascorbic acid concentrations, however, a contrast results was observed in infested PANDAN. All coconut cultivars exhibited higher carotenoids content (2771.20 ± 263.90, 3043.20 ± 526.35 and 921.20 ± 281.10 μg/g.fwt of PANDAN, MAWA and MATAG, respectively) compared with their respective controls (455.20 ± 135.10, 1408.40 ± 103.02 and 248.80 ± 110.39 μg/g.fwt). The above results indicated that the oxidative stress induced by the RPW infestation would stimulate the activities of enzymes and molecular antioxidants studied especially in infested MAWA. Thus, it may be suggested that MAWA cultivar was more tolerance towards RPW infestation compared to MATAG and PANDAN. It is hoped that this finding will provide clues on how plant respond toward stress during infestation, thus further action can be activated as soon as possible to control the spread of R. ferrugineus

A study on the genetic variability of stingless bees in Terengganu by using random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers: a preliminary assessment

Heterotrigona itama and Tetragonula fuscobalteata are two common stingless bees species found in Malaysia. Information regarding the application of the molecular technique in genetic variation of the population of these species is very little. The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic variation of the H. itama and T. fuscobalteata by using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. Eight samples from each species were sampled from Merchang and Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. The extraction of DNA samples based on DNeasy Blood and Tissues Kit from Qiagen. The DNA purity and quality were measured by using BioDrop™µLITE dsDNA. The amplification of the DNA was conducted with OPA-12 and OPA-16 primers for H. itama and OPA-03 and OPA-09 primers for T. fuscobalteata. A total of 18 RAPD bands with 15 polymorphic bands (83%) ranging in size from 350-2500 bp were identified from H. itama. For T. fuscobalteata, 15 bands with 13 polymorphic bands (87%) with sizes ranging from 300-1250 bp. Firstly, the results indicated that the population of H. itama and T. fuscobalteata have high levels of polymorphism due to a low inbreeding factor within their population and the results also revealed that these species have genetic variability. The findings of this study will be used as basic genetic information for stingless bees’ breeding programmes and conservation and management of these species in Malaysia