Analysis of Turbulent Flow Structure with Its Fluvial Processes around Mid-Channel Bar

Researchers have recognized that the successive growth of mid-channel bar deposits can be entertained as the raison d’être for the initiation of the braiding process, which is closely interlinked with the growth, decay, and vertical distribution of fluvial turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Thus, focused analysis on the underlying mechanics of turbulent flow structures in the proximity of a bar deposit occurring in the middle of the channel can afford crucial scientific clues for insight into the initiating fluvial processes that give rise to braiding. In the study reported herein, a physical model of a mid-channel bar is constructed in an experimental flume to analyze the turbulence parameters in a region close to the bar. Notably, the flow velocity plays an important role in understanding the flow behavior in the scour-hole location in the upstream flow divergence zone as well as near the downstream zone of flow convergence in a mid-channel bar. Therefore, the fluctuating components of turbulent flow velocity are herein discussed and analyzed for the regions located close to the bar. In the present study, the impact of the mid-channel bar, as well as its growth in turbulent flow, on higher-order velocity fluctuation moments are investigated. For near-bed locations, the results show the dominance of ejection events in upstream zones and the dominance of sweep events at locations downstream of the mid-channel bar. In scour-hole sections, the negative value of the stream-wise flux of turbulent kinetic energy and the positive value of the vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy indicate energy transport in downward and forward directions, respectively. The downward and forward energy transport processes lead to scouring at these locations. The maximum turbulent production rate occurs in the wake region of the bar. The high rate of turbulence production has occurred in that region, which can be ascribed to the process of shedding turbulent vortices. The results show that the impact of the presence of the bar is mainly restricted to the lower layers of flow. The turbulent dissipation rate monotonically decreases with an increase in the vertical distance from the bed. The turbulent production rate first increases and then decreases with successive increases in the vertical distance from the bed. The paper concludes with suggestions for the future potential use of the present research for the practical purpose of examining braid bar occurrences in alluvial rivers to develop an appropriate response through training measures

Analysis of Turbulent Flow Structure with Its Fluvial Processes around Mid-Channel Bar

Researchers have recognized that the successive growth of mid-channel bar deposits can be entertained as the raison d’être for the initiation of the braiding process, which is closely interlinked with the growth, decay, and vertical distribution of fluvial turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Thus, focused analysis on the underlying mechanics of turbulent flow structures in the proximity of a bar deposit occurring in the middle of the channel can afford crucial scientific clues for insight into the initiating fluvial processes that give rise to braiding. In the study reported herein, a physical model of a mid-channel bar is constructed in an experimental flume to analyze the turbulence parameters in a region close to the bar. Notably, the flow velocity plays an important role in understanding the flow behavior in the scour-hole location in the upstream flow divergence zone as well as near the downstream zone of flow convergence in a mid-channel bar. Therefore, the fluctuating components of turbulent flow velocity are herein discussed and analyzed for the regions located close to the bar. In the present study, the impact of the mid-channel bar, as well as its growth in turbulent flow, on higher-order velocity fluctuation moments are investigated. For near-bed locations, the results show the dominance of ejection events in upstream zones and the dominance of sweep events at locations downstream of the mid-channel bar. In scour-hole sections, the negative value of the stream-wise flux of turbulent kinetic energy and the positive value of the vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy indicate energy transport in downward and forward directions, respectively. The downward and forward energy transport processes lead to scouring at these locations. The maximum turbulent production rate occurs in the wake region of the bar. The high rate of turbulence production has occurred in that region, which can be ascribed to the process of shedding turbulent vortices. The results show that the impact of the presence of the bar is mainly restricted to the lower layers of flow. The turbulent dissipation rate monotonically decreases with an increase in the vertical distance from the bed. The turbulent production rate first increases and then decreases with successive increases in the vertical distance from the bed. The paper concludes with suggestions for the future potential use of the present research for the practical purpose of examining braid bar occurrences in alluvial rivers to develop an appropriate response through training measures

A Comprehensive Review on COVID-19 Detection Based on Cough Sounds, Symptoms, CXR, and CT Images

The worldwide spread of the coronavirus illness has led to the requirement of creating machine-based technologies to identify the diseases. The worldwide pandemic caused by new coronaviruses has resulted in a significant loss of life and necessitates the development of several affordable diagnostic methods to detect the presence of COVID-19 infection. Thankfully, the current era of advanced technology, including transfer learning (TL) approaches, has improved several areas of human health and enabled the identification of chronic and communicable diseases. There is a need for thorough investigation in order to combat the transmission of this alarming virus via the use of evidence-based intelligence models and implementation of preventive measures. The present systematic review focuses on the examination of TL and fuzzy ensemble techniques that have been described in the literature pertaining to strategies for detecting COVID-19. Multiple studies have used cough sounds, CT scans, X-ray images, and symptoms information to identify cases of COVID-19. The application of DL/ML, TL, fuzzy ensemble, and fuzzy inference approaches for COVID-19 identification is discussed in this paper

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Future Trends in Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies at Different Climatic Zones of India Using GRACE/GRACE-FO

This work is a climatological evaluation of terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs), which act as driving forces for sustainable development, in one of the most populous countries of the world. The objective of this work is to evaluate RL06 mascon data from the GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite missions over India to explore seasonal and interannual changes in terrestrial water storage, encompassing an area of ~3.29 million km2 with 285 grid points, from 2002 through to 2020. Several statistical tests are performed to check the homogeneity (i.e., Pettitt’s test, the BRT, the SNHT, and the VNRT). Most of the homogeneous data are found in winter, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon, approximately above 42% to 47%, and the least are found in monsoons and annual with only 33%, at a 95% significance level. According to Pettitt’s test, the majority of the breakpoints are present in 2014 for winter, 2012 for pre-monsoon, 2011 for monsoons and post-monsoon, and 2008 as well as 2011 for annual. Furthermore, to detect trends and magnitudes we employed the nonparametric MK test, the MMK test, Sen’s slope estimator, and the parametric SLR test. According to the MK and MMK tests, the most significant negative and positive trends indicate the chances of droughts and floods, respectively. The Indo–Gangetic region shows the highest declination. According to Sen’s slope and the SLR test, the most declining magnitude is found in Delhi, Panjab, Uttrakhand, the northern part of Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Based on our findings, the average declining rate of yearly terrestrial water storage data from the MK, MMK, and SLR tests is −0.0075 m (−0.75 cm/year) from 2002 to 2020. Koppen–Geiger climate zones are also used to depict the seasonal and interannual descriptive statistics of TWSA trends. Interestingly, the annual means of arid desert cold (−0.1788 cm/year) and tropical savanna (−0.1936 cm/year) have the smallest declining trends when compared to other climatic zones. Northern Indian regions’ temperate dry winter, hot/warm summer, and dry arid steppe hot regions show the maximum declining future trend. This study could be useful in planning and managing water resources, agriculture, and the long-term growth of the country by using an intelligent water delivery system