Inter-arrival time distribution of passengers at service facilities in underground subway stations: A case study of the metropolitan city of Chengdu in China

Inter-arrival time distribution of passengers plays an important role in the capacity design of service facilities such as, fare gate, ticket vending machine, and passageways, in an underground subway station. An inaccurate inter-arrival time distribution likely causes traffic congestion or resource wastage at service facilities. In this study, to obtain accurate inter-arrival time distribution, we collected an inter-arrival time of passengers at existing service facilities in three underground subway stations of a metropolitan city, Chengdu, China. We fitted eight types of distributions, including Hyper-Erlang distribution (HErD), which is firstly introduced in the capacity design of service facilities in an underground subway station, to the observed data set based on maximum likelihood estimation. Results showed that the HErD works the best in terms of fitting quality and flexibility. We also fitted eight types of distribution to the observed inter-arrival time data at service facilities of seventy-seven underground subway stations of another metropolitan city—Shenzhen, China—to confirm our findings. Results also showed the HErD still performs the best. Simulation is also conducted to examine the effect of inter-arrival distributions on the performance of service facilities. To estimate future inter-arrival time based on HErD for the capacity design of service facilities to be constructed in the planning period, we developed a basic parameter estimation model according to two given design parameters namely, long-term peak-hour volume and peak-hour factor. However, the proposed model did not work well because the HErD has many free parameters to be estimated. Thus, we derived a method to reduce the number of free parameters, and then we proposed an improved parameter estimation model of HErD to describe future inter-arrival time distribution based on given long-term peak-hour volume and peak-hour factor

Observation of WWWWWW Production in pppp Collisions at s\sqrt s =13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

International audienceThis Letter reports the observation of $WWW$ production and a measurement of its cross section using 139 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with two same-sign leptons (electrons or muons) and at least two jets, as well as events with three charged leptons, are selected. A multivariate technique is then used to discriminate between signal and background events. Events from $WWW$ production are observed with a significance of 8.0 standard deviations, where the expectation is 5.4 standard deviations. The inclusive $WWW$ production cross section is measured to be $820 \pm 100\,\text{(stat)} \pm 80\,\text{(syst)}$ fb, approximately 2.6 standard deviations from the predicted cross section of $511 \pm 18$ fb calculated at next-to-leading-order QCD and leading-order electroweak accuracy

Observation of WWWWWW Production in pppp Collisions at s\sqrt s =13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector

International audienceThis Letter reports the observation of $WWW$ production and a measurement of its cross section using 139 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with two same-sign leptons (electrons or muons) and at least two jets, as well as events with three charged leptons, are selected. A multivariate technique is then used to discriminate between signal and background events. Events from $WWW$ production are observed with a significance of 8.0 standard deviations, where the expectation is 5.4 standard deviations. The inclusive $WWW$ production cross section is measured to be $820 \pm 100\,\text{(stat)} \pm 80\,\text{(syst)}$ fb, approximately 2.6 standard deviations from the predicted cross section of $511 \pm 18$ fb calculated at next-to-leading-order QCD and leading-order electroweak accuracy