A New Species Of Actinote Hübner From The Eastern Andes Of Ecuador (lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae)

A new species of Actinote Hübner, A. kennethi Freitas, Willmott and Hall (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae), is described from cloud forest habitats in eastern Ecuador. Molecular sequence data and morphological characters both indicate that the new taxon is closely related to Actinote g. genitrix d'Almeida, 1922, from southeastern Brazil, and the Venezuelan Actinote genitrix costae Neild, 2008. Based on the substantial geographic isolation of these taxa, observed morphological differences and mtDNA sequence divergence, we argue for the treatment of the new Ecuadorian Actinote taxon as a distinct species.11114756Comstock, J.H., Needham, J.G., The wings of insects (1918) American Naturalist, 32, pp. 253-257Ehrlich, P.R., The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classification of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) (1958) The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 34, pp. 305-370Eliot, J.N., The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): A tentative arrangement (1973) Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 28, pp. 373-506Felsenstein, J., Confidence-limits on phylogenies - an approach using the bootstrap (1985) Evolution, 39, pp. 783-791Francini, R. B. 1989. Biologia e ecologia das borboletas Actinote (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Acraeinae) do sudeste do Brasil. M.S. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, BrazilFrancini, R.B., Freitas, A.V.L., Brown Jr., K.S., Rediscovery of Actinote zikani (D'Almeida) (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae, Acraeini): Natural history, population biology and conservation of an endangered butterfly in SE Brazil (2005) Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 59, pp. 134-142Francini, R.B., Freitas, A.V.L., Penz, C.M., Two new species of Actinote (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) from southeastern Brazil (2004) Zootaxa, 719, pp. 1-10Francini, R.B., Penz, C.M., An illustrated key to male Actinote from southeastern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) (2006) Biota Neotropica, 6Freitas, A.V.L., Brown Jr., K.S., Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) (2004) Systematic Biology, 53, pp. 363-383Klots, A.B., Lepidoptera (1956) Taxonomists' Glossary of Genitalia in Insects, pp. 97-110. , Tuxen, S. 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Part 2: Nymphalidae II (Acraeinae, Libytheinae, Nymphalinae, Ithomiinae, Morphinae) (2008) A Comprehensive Guide to the Identification of Adult Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae, , Meridian Publications, LondonPaluch, M. 2006. Revisão das especies de Actinote Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae, Acraeini). Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, BrazilPaluch, M., Casagrande, M.M., Mielke, O.H.H., Três espécies e duas subespécies novas de Actinote Hiibner (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae, Acraeini). (2006) Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23, pp. 764-778Penz, C.M., Francini, R.B., New species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Acraeinae) from southeastern Brazil (1996) Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 50, pp. 309-320Penz, C.M., Peggie, D., Phylogenetic relationships among Heliconiinae genera based on morphology (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (2003) Systematic Entomology, 28, pp. 451-479Pierre, J., Systématique cladistique chez les Acraea (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). (1987) Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 23, pp. 11-27Piñas, R.F., Mariposas del Ecuador (2004) Familia: Nymphalidae: Subfamilias: Libytheinae, Danainae, Charaxinae, Morphinae, Heliconiiae [sic], 11 a. , Compañia de Jesús, QuitoSaitou, N., Nei, M., The Neighbor-Joining Method - a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees (1987) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4, pp. 406-425Silva-Brandao, K. L., A. M. L. Azeredo-Espin, and A. V. L. Freitas. 2008a. New evidence on the systematic and phylogenetic position of Parides burchellanus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Molecular Ecology Notes, doi: 10.1111/j.l471-8286.2007.02022.xSilva-Brandão, K.L., Wahlberg, N., Francini, R.B., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Brown Jr., K.S., Paluch, M., Lees, D.C., Freitas, A.V.L., Phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe Acraeini (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) and the evolution of host plant use (2008) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, pp. 515-531. , doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.1 1.02

Phylogenetic Relationships Of Ithomiine Butterflies (lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) As Implied By Combined Morphological And Molecular Data

Morphological and molecular data from two prior publications are combined with new data resulting in a mostly well-supported cladistic hypothesis of relationships among subtribes and genera of Ithomiini, a diverse clade of Neotropical butterflies. A revised classification for relationships among the nine tribes and 46 genera comprising the group is proposed, and Athesitina new subtribe is described for Athesis Doubleday, 1847 and Patricia Fox, 1940. Oxapampa Brabant, 2004 is synonymized with Veladyris Fox, 1945. © 2014 The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London.122133147DEB 1241056; NSF; National Science FoundationAckery, P.R., The danaid genus Tellervo (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae)- A cladistic approach (1987) Zoological Journal Ofthe Linnean Society, 89, pp. 203-274Ackery, P.R., Hostplants and classification: A review ofnymphalid butterflies (1988) Biological Journal of the LinneanSociety, 33, pp. 95-203Ackery, P.R., De Jong, R., Vane-Wright, R.I., The butterflies:Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea (1999) Handbook OfZoology, 4 (35), pp. 263-300. , KRISTENSEN, N. P., Ed. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies.1. Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography Lepidoptera. de Gruyter, Berlin, GermanyBaker, R.H., Desalle, R., Multiple sources of characterinformation and the phylogeny of Hawaiian Drosophil (1997) Systematic Biology, 46, pp. 654-673Bates, H.W., (1862) Contributions to An Insect Fauna of the AmazonValley, 23, pp. 495-566. , Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Transactions of theLinnean SocietyBeccaloni, G.W., Ecology, natural history, and behaviourof ithomiine butterflies and their mimics in Ecuador (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) (1997) Tropical Lepidoptera, 8, pp. 103-124Beccaloni, G.W., Vertical stratification of ithomiine butterfly(Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) mimicry complexes: The relationshipbetween adult flight height and larval host-plantheight (1997) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 62, pp. 313-341Beccaloni, G.W., Viloria, A.L., Hall, S.K., Robinson, G.S., Catalogue of the Hostplants of the Neotropical Butterflies/Cat-alogo de las Plantas Hu-esped de las MariposasNeotropicales (2008) Zaragoza, Spain: Sociedad Entomol-ogica Aragonesa(SEA)/Red Iberoamericana de Biogeograf-?a y Entomolog-?aSistem-atica (RIBES)/Ciencia y Tecnolog-?a Para El Desarrollo(CYTED)/Natural History Museum, London, UK(NHM)/Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient-?ficas,Venezuela (IVIC)., 8, pp. 1-536. , M3m-Monograf-?as Tercer Milenio 1 fig, 3 tabsBrower, A.V.Z., Phylogenetic relationships among theNymphalidae (Lepidoptera) inferred from partial sequencesof the wingless gene (2000) Proceedings of the Royal Society OfLondon B, 267, pp. 1201-1211Brower, A.V.Z., The how and why of branch support andpartitioned branch support, with a new index to assess partitionincongruence (2006) Cladistics, 22, pp. 378-386Brower, A.V.Z., Desalle, R., Vogler, A.P., Genetrees, species trees and systematics: A cladistic perspective (1996) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27, pp. 423-450Brower, A.V.Z., Desalle, R., Patterns of mitochondrialversus nuclear DNA sequence divergence among nymphalidbutterflies: The utility of wingless as a source of characters forphylogenetic inference (1998) Insect Molecular Biology, 7, pp. 1-10Brower, A.V.Z., Freitas, A.V.L., Lee, M.-M., Silva-Brandao, K.L., Whinnett, A., Willmott, K.R., Phylogeneticrelationships among the Ithomiini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)inferred from one mitchondrial and two nuclear generegions (2006) Systematic Entomology, 31, pp. 288-301Brower, A.V.Z., Jeansonne, M.M., Geographical populationsand subspecies of New World monarch butterflies(Nymphalidae) share a recent origin and are not phylogeneticallydistinct (2004) Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97, pp. 519-523Brower, A.V.Z., Wahlberg, N., Ogawa, J.R., Boppre, M., Vane-Wright, R.I., Phylogenetic relationships amonggenera of danaine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) asimplied by morphology and DNA sequences (2010) Systematicsand Biodiversity, 8, pp. 75-89Brower, L.P., Chemical defence in butterflies (1984) The Biology of Butterflies, 1, pp. 109-134. , ACKERY,P. R. & VANE-WRIGHT, R. Academic Press, London, UKBrown Jr., K.S., Centros de evolu̧c̃ao, ref-ugios quatern-arios e conserva̧c̃ao de patrim^onios gen (1977) Acta Amazonica, 7, pp. 75-137Brown, K.S.J.R., Historical and ecological factors in thebiogeography of aposematic neotropical butterflies (1982) AmericanZoologist, 22, pp. 453-471Brown Jr., K.S., Chemical ecology of dehydropyrrolizidinealkaloids in adult Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) (1985) Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 44, pp. 435-460Brown Jr., K.S., Chemistry at the solenaceae/Ithomiinaeinterf (1987) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 74, pp. 359-397Brown Jr., K.S., Freitas, A.V.L., Juvenile stages ofIthomiinae: Overview and systematics (1994) Tropical Lepidoptera, 5, pp. 9-20Brown Jr., K.S., Henriques, S.A., Chemistry, co-evolution,and colonisation of Solanaceae leaves by Ithomiinaebutterflies (1991) Solanaceae III: Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution, pp. 51-68. , HAWKES, J.G., LESTER, R.N., NEE M. &ESTRADA, N., Eds London, Linnean Society of London, UKBrown Jr., K.S., Trigo, J.R., Francini, R.B., De Morais, A.B.B., Motta, P.C., Aposematic insects on toxic hostplants:coevolution, colonisation and chemical emancipation (1991) Plant-Animal Interactions, pp. 375-402. , PRICE, P.W., LEWINSOHN, T.W., FERNANDES, G.W. &BENSON, W.W., Eds John Wiley& Sons, New York, USAChazot, N., Willmott, K.R., Paola, G.S.E., Hill, R., Jiggins, C., Elias, M., Mutualistic mimicry andfiltering by altitude shape the structure of Andean butterflycommunities (2013) American Naturalist, , doi: 10.1086/674100Cho, S., Mitchell, A., Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Poole, R.W., Friedlander, T.P., Zhao, S., A highly conservednuclear gene for low-level phylogenetics: Elongation factor1a recovers morphology-based tree for heliothine moths (1995) Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12, pp. 650-656Clark, A.H., The interrelationships of the several groupswithin the butterfly superfamily Nymphaloide (1947) Proceedingsof the Entomological Society of Washington, 49, pp. 148-149. , 192 (erratum)D'Almeida, R.F., Catalogo dos Ithomiidae Americanos(Lepidoptera) (1978) Centro de Recursos Audiovisuales, , UniversidadeFederal do Paran-a, Curitiba, BrazilDasmahapatra, K.K., Lamas, G., Simpson, F., Mallet, J., The anatomy of r 'suture zone' in Amazonian butterflies: Acoalescent-based test for vicariant geographic divergenceand speciation (2010) Molecular Ecology, 19, pp. 4283-4301De-Silva, D.L., Day, J.J., Elias, M., Willmott, K., Whinnett, A., Mallet, J., Molecular phylogenetics of the neotropicalbutterfly subtribe Oleriina (Nymphalidae: Danaini:Ithomiini) (2010) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55, pp. 1032-1041Devries, P.J., Lande, R., Murray, D., Associations ofco-mimetic ithomiine butterflies on small spatial and temporalscales in a neotropical rainforest (1999) Biological Journal Ofthe Linnean Society, 67, pp. 73-85Ehrlich, P.R., The comparative morphology, phylogenyand higher classification of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) (1958) University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 39, pp. 305-370Elias, M., Gompert, Z., Jiggins, C., Willmott, K.R., Mutualistic interactions drive ecological niche convergencein a diverse butterfly community (2008) Public Library of ScienceBiology, 6, pp. 2642-2649Elias, M., Hill, R.I., Willmott, K.R., Dasmahaptra, K.K., Brower, A.V.Z., Mallet, J., Jiggins, C.D., Limitedperformance of DNA barcoding in a diverse community oftropical butterflies (2007) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,B, 274, pp. 2881-2889Elias Joron, M., Willmott, K.R., Silva Brandao, K.L., Outof the Andes: Patterns of diversification in clearwing butterflies (2009) Molecular Ecology, 18, pp. 1716-1729Felder, C., Felder, R., Specimen faunae lepidopterologicaeriparum fluminis Negro superioris in Brasilia septentrionali (1862) Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift, 6, pp. 65-80Fox, R.M., A generic review of the Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera,Nymphalidae) (1940) Transactions of the American EntomologicalSociety, 66, pp. 161-207Fox, R.M., A monograph of the Ithomiidae (Lepidoptera) Part 1 (1956) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 111, pp. 1-76. , 71-79Freitas, A.V.L., Brown Jr., K.S., Phylogeny of theNymphalidae (Lepidoptera) (2004) Systematic Biology, 53, pp. 363-383Freitas, A.V.L., Trigo, J.R., Brown Jr., K.S., Witte, L., Hartmann, T., Barata, L.E.S., Tropane and pyrrolizidinealkaloids in the ithomiines Placidula euryanassa andMiraleria cymothoe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1996) Chemoecology, 7, pp. 61-67Goloboff, P.A., Extended implied weighting (2013) Cladistics(early View), , Article first published online: 19 JUL 2013 jdoi: 10.1111/cla.12047Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., Kallersjo, M., Oxelman, B., Ramirez, M.J., Szumik, C.A., Improvements to resamplingmeasures of group support (2003) Cladistics, 19, pp. 324-332Goloboff, P.A., Farris, J.S., Nixon, K.C., TNT: A freeprogram for phylogenetic analysis (2008) Cladistics, 24, pp. 774-786Hill, R.I., Elias, M., Dasmahapatra, K.K., Koongv, D.J.C., 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Systematics And Evolutionary History Of Butterflies In The "taygetis Clade" (nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina): Towards A Better Understanding Of Neotropical Biogeography

The so-called "Taygetis clade" is a group of exclusively Neotropical butterflies classified within Euptychiina, one of the largest subtribes in the subfamily Satyrinae. Since the distribution of the ten genera belonging to this group ranges throughout the entire Neotropics, from lowlands to lower montane habitats, it offers a remarkable opportunity to study the region's biogeographic history as well as different scenarios for speciation in upland areas. We inferred a robust and well-sampled phylogeny using DNA sequences from four genes (4035. bp in total) using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. We estimated divergence times using the Bayesian relaxed clock method calibrated with node ages from previous studies. Ancestral ranges of distribution were estimated using the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model as implemented in the program Lagrange. We propose several taxonomic changes and recognize nine well-supported natural genera within the "Taygetis clade": Forsterinaria (subsuming Guaianaza syn. nov.), Parataygetis, Posttaygetis, Harjesia (excluding Harjesia griseola and Harjesia oreba), Pseudodebis (including Taygetomorpha syn. nov.,), Taygetina (subsuming Coeruleotaygetis syn. nov., Harjesia oreba comb. nov., Taygetis weymeri comb. nov. and Taygetis kerea comb. nov.), Taygetis (excluding Taygetis ypthima, Taygetis rectifascia, Taygetis kerea and Taygetis weymeri), and two new genera, one containing Harjesia griseola, and the other Taygetis ypthima and Taygetis rectifascia. The group diversified mainly during late Miocene to Pliocene, coinciding with the period of drastic changes in landscape configuration in the Neotropics. Major dispersals inferred from the Amazon basin towards northwestern South America, the Atlantic forests and the eastern slope of the Andes have mostly shaped the evolution and diversification of the group. Furthermore, expansion of larval dietary repertoire might have aided net diversification in the two largest genera in the clade, Forsterinaria and Taygetis. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.6615468Ackery, P.R., Hostplants and classification: a review of nymphalid butterflies (1988) Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 33, pp. 95-203Adams, M.J., Speciation in the Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Northern Andes (1985) J. Res. Lepido., (SUPPL.), pp. 33-49Aduse-Poku, K., Vingerhoedt, E., Wahlberg, N., Out-of-Africa again: a phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions (2009) Mol. Phylogenet. 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Biol., 46, pp. 654-673Beccaloni, G.W., Viloria, A.L., Hall, S.K., Robinson, G.S., (2008) Catalogue of the Hostplants of the Neotropical Butterflies, 8, p. 536. , Monografías Tercer Milenio, first ed., Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, ZaragozamBrown, K.S., Freitas, A.V.L., Von Schoultz, B., Saura, A.O., Saura, A., Chromosomal evolution of South American frugivorous butterflies in the Satyroid clade (Nympalidae: Charaxinae, Morphinae and Satyrinae) (2007) Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 92, pp. 467-481Buerki, S., Forest, F., Alvarez, N., Nylander, J.A.A., Arrigo, N., Sanmartín, I., An evaluation of new parsimony-based versus parametric inference methods in biogeography: a case study using the globally distributed plant family Sapindaceae (2011) J. 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Phylogenetic Relationships Among The Ithomiini (lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Inferred From One Mitochondrial And Two Nuclear Gene Regions

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Avaliação de modelo de extração da água do solo por sistemas radiculares divididos entre camadas de solo com propriedades hidráulicas distintas Evaluation of a root-soil water extraction model by root systems divided over soil layers with distinct hydraulic properties

A avaliação da capacidade de raízes de plantas em extrair água do solo é de grande importância na modelagem da taxa de transpiração e, para entender o crescimento e rendimento vegetal e o balanço de água e de solutos no solo. Para testar um modelo de extração radicular macroscópico baseado no processo em escala microscópica, descreveram-se os resultados de um experimento com plantas cujo sistema radicular foi dividido entre camadas de solo com propriedades hidráulicas contrastantes. Um experimento de lisímetro dividido com plantas de sorgo foi realizado em Piracicaba-SP. Quatro lisímetros com dois compartimentos separados fisicamente (split-pot) foram construídos e preenchidos com material de dois tipos de solo de diferentes classes texturais (um solo de textura média - AR e outro de textura argilosa - AG). Durante um mês e meio foi imposto um regime hídrico, alternando a irrigação entre os compartimentos. O teor de água nos compartimentos dos lisímetros foi monitorado com TDR e tensiômetros. O material dos dois solos foi analisado conforme método-padrão quanto às suas propriedades de retenção e condução da água. A densidade radicular foi determinada por pesagem no fim do experimento, tendo ficado em torno de duas vezes maior no solo AR do que no AG. Observou-se que a extração de água ocorreu preferencialmente do compartimento do lisímetro com maior potencial de fluxo matricial. Em certas ocasiões houve transferência de água do lado de maior para o de menor potencial de fluxo matricial, com a liberação da água ao solo pelo sistema radicular (hydraulic lift). Para compensar o efeito da heterogeneidade da distribuição radicular e da atividade radicular, incluiu-se, no modelo, um fator empírico f de correção. O modelo testado descreveu bem 80 % das observações com a utilização de valores de f de 0,01506 e 0,003713, para os solos AR e AG, respectivamente. O modelo simulou a liberação de água ao solo mais frequentemente do que ela ocorreu no experimento. Esse fato pode indicar que a resistência interna do sistema radicular, não contabilizada pelo modelo, pode ter papel importante nas relações hídricas na rizosfera.<br>Evaluating plant root capacity in extrating water from the soil is important for transpiration modeling and to understand crop growth and yield and soil water and nutrient balance. Aiming to test a macroscopic root water extraction model based on the microscopic process description, an experiment was described in which the root system of plants penetrated different soil layers with contrasting hydraulic properties. Four lysimeters containing two physically divided compartments were built and filled with material of two soils with different texture (a medium textured soil - AR and a clayey soil - AG). During a month and a half a water regime was imposed alternating the irrigation among the compartments. The soil water content in the compartments was measured with TDR and tensiometers. Soil hydraulic properties - retention and conductivity - were analyzed by standard methods. Root density was determined by weighing at the end of the experiment, resulting in values twice as high in AR than in AG soil. It was observed that water extraction occurred preferentially from the lysimeter compartments with the highest matric flux potential. Occasionally, water transfer from the compartment with higher matric flux potential to the lower one was observed, releasing water from root to soil (hydraulic lift). To compensate for the effect of heterogeneity of root distribution and root activity and soil-root contact, an empirical factor f was added to the model. Its value was determined by a numerical fitting procedure aiming at the highest correlation between model and observation in the four lysimeters. The model described 80% of the observations satisfactorily by using these f values, which were 0.01506 and 0.003713, respectively, for AR and AG. Model predictions indicated a much more frequent water release from roots to soil than observed in the experiment. This may suggest internal root resistance, not considered by the model, may play an important role in root-water relations

Morfologia externa do adulto de Actinote melanisans (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini)

A morfologia externa do adulto de A. melanisans Oberthür, 1917 é descrita e ilustrada. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outros já publicados para a morfologia externa de Nymphalidae (Danainae, Brassolinae/Brassolini sensu CASAGRANDE (2004), Morphinae/Morphini sensu LAMAS (2004a), Ithomiinae e Charaxinae). É apresentado um padrão para a caracterização morfológica do gênero, sendo esse o primeiro estudo detalhado de morfologia de uma espécie de Acraeini, agregando informações úteis para subsidiar a análise filogenética das espécies Neotropicais.<br>The external morphology of adult A. melanisans Oberthür, 1917 is described and illustrated. The results obtained were compared with other studies already published on the external morphology of Nymphalidae - Danainae: Brassolinae: Brassolini sensu CASAGRANDE (2004), Morphinae: Morphini sensu LAMAS (2004a), Ithomiinae and Charaxinae. A pattern for the morphological characterization of the genus is presented. It is the first detailed study of the morphology of a species of Acraeini, therefore contributing with information on characters useful for the phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical species