Special Classes of Set Codes and Their Applications

In this book, the authors introduce the notion of set codes, set bicodes and set n-codes. These are the most generalized notions of semigroup n-codes and group n-codes. Several types of set n-codes are defined. Several examples are given to enable the reader to understand the concept. These new classes of codes will find applications in cryptography, computer networking (where fragmenting of codes is to be carried out) and data storage (where confidentiality is to be maintained). We also describe the error detection and error correction of these codes. The authors feel that these codes would be appropriate to the computer dominated world. This book has three chapters. Chapter One gives basic concepts to make the book a self-contained one. In Chapter Two, the notion of set codes is introduced. The set bicodes and their generalization to set n-codes (n >= 3) is carried out in Chapter Three. This chapter also gives the applications of these codes in the above-mentioned fields.Comment: 168 page

Response of Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae) chemical constituents: Larval tolerance, food utilization and detoxifying enzyme activities

Not AvailablePest management has increased the alarm across researchers because of the possible risk from harmful insecticides dispersed in the natural environment. Plant derivatives are established from plant extracts and displays latent effects against damaging pests in a multiple ways. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, largely dispersed across the world in the warm area. A purified, fractionated ethyl acetate extract of C.colocynthis (bitter apple) has shown 90% lethality toward Spodoptera litura third instar larvae, and slightly lower lethality to the fourth and fifth instars. Based on the food utilization, the mechanism of lethality appears to be reduced digestive enzyme activity. The enzyme analysis of S. litura against fraction F5 demonstrated that the level of ACP, ALP, ATP and LDH decreased significantly based on their concentration. The gut histology of S. litura shows disturbance in the midgut columnar cells against the fraction F5. The fraction F5 was further eluted using column chromatography and the subfraction A3 obtained and it was further characterized using FTIR and NMR. The subfraction A3 exhibits prominent mortality rate with 84% at 100 ppm concentration. The subfraction A3 was characterized and identified as stigmasterol.Not Availabl

Target and non-target response of Swietenia Mahagoni Jacq. chemical constituents against tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Fab. and earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae

Not AvailableToxicological screening of Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. (Meliaceae, West Indies Mahogany) against the lepidopteran pest Spodoptera litura was examined. Phytochemical screening through GC-MS analysis revealed nine peaks with prominent peak area % in Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (31.5%) was observed. The larvae exposed to discriminating dosage of 100 ppm deliver significant mortality rate compare to other treatment concentrations. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) was observed at the dosage of 31.04 and 86.82 ppm respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations (30 ppm) showed higher larval and pupal durations. However, pupal weight and mean fecundity rate reduced significantly. Similarly, the adult longevity reduced significantly in dose dependent manner. Midgut histology studies showed that the methanolic extracts significantly disturbs the gut epithelial layer, lumen and brush border membrane compare to the control. The soil assay on a non-target beneficial organism, the soil indicator earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, with extracts from S. mahagoni (200 mg/kg) showed no toxicity compared to Monocrotophos at the dosage of 10 ppm/kg. Current results suggest that this bio-rational plant product from S. mahagoni displays a significant effect to reduce lepidopteran pests with low toxicity to other beneficial species.Not Availabl