Istikh{da>m T{ari>qah Tadrin fi> Ta’li>m Maha>rah al-Kala>m

Purpose- The research aims to know the implementation of the process of teaching speaking skill in a peer-teaching method in the Department of Arabic Language Education Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta and Kendari State Islamic University.  Design/ Metodology/ Approach- This research is a descriptive qualitative research in which the respondents in this study were lecturers and students of speaking skills from UIN Sunan Kalijaga and IAIN Kendari. Data collection uses the method of observation and documentation. Data were analyzed with descriptive analytical method.  Findings- The results of this study indicate that learning speaking skills using the peer-teaching method was considered effective for students because all students were actively involved in the learning process. Lecturers use the peer-teaching method due to obstacles in the form of differences in students' abilities to speak Arabic and educational background. The steps taken in learning speaking skills with the peer-teaching method consist of three stages. First, preparatory stage consists of: (1) identifying the student environment to determine strategies, (2) determining groups, (3) determining the role of each member in the group, (4) training peers as tutors, (5) preparing learning materials, (6) preparing assessments. Second, implementation stage consists of: (1) peers teaching group members, (2) peers using the role of teacher for error correction procedures. (3) students take turns performing in groups. Third, assessment stage consists of: (1) evaluation after learning activities and (2) final evaluation.  Research Limitation/ Implications- The limitations of the problem in this research focus on learning speaking skills using the peer-teaching method and have not discussed other methods of learning speaking skills. However, this study describes the steps for learning speaking skills using the peer-teaching method from UIN Sunan Kalijaga and IAIN Kendari so that this good learning process can be implemented in other language skills

Taṭwῑr Mawād Ta’lῑm Mahārah al-Kalām li as-Siyāḥah fῑ ḍau` al-Ma’āyir al-Waṭaniyyah li al-Kafā`ah al-Mihniyyah

This study aims to develop Arabic-speaking teaching materials for tourism based on the Indonesian National Competency Standards (SKKNI) at the Department of Arabic Literature, State University of Malang. The ADDIE development model was used in this research and development. Data was collected using the instruments of observation, interview, questionnaire, and test. Meanwhile, data analysis techniques include qualitative descriptive data analysis and statistical descriptive. As a result of this research, Arabic language teaching materials for tourism are created according to the needs of students who focus on speaking skills. This teaching material consists of 8 themes: picking up tourists at the airport, hotel check-in, zoo tours, marine tourism, mountain tours, culinary tours, and shopping tours. According to expert opinion, this material is excellent regarding the language used and the content of the teaching materials. Based on the examination of test data using Wilcoxon, it is regarded as effective. In addition, this study recommends further research in Arabic for Tourism with other language skills

Using bacterial endophytes from a New Zealand native medicinal plant for control of grapevine trunk diseases

Botryosphaeriaceous species are the causal agent of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) trunk diseases with very few options available for their control. They are also common endophytes in mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), a New Zealand native medicinal plant, but there is no evidence of pathogenicity in this host. International research has demonstrated that endophytic bacteria can produce antimicrobial metabolites in planta. Thus, endophytic bacteria from mānuka may be viable options for biocontrol of botryosphaeriaceous species. This study was aimed at elucidating whether endophytic bacteria from mānuka with biocontrol activities can be transferred to grapevine as a heterologous host and express their bioactivity. Ten endophytic bacteria from a collection of 330 bacteria produced diffusible and volatile compound(s) that inhibited growth of six botryosphaeriaceous species. A combination of spontaneous rifampicin mutants and ERIC PCR was used to confirm endophytic colonization of the introduced antagonistic bacteria in planta. The results showed that two isolates, Pseudomonas sp. I2R21 and Pseudomonas sp. W1R33, were transferable from mānuka to grapevine when inoculated onto wounds, where they inhibited colonization by two botryosphaeriaceous species, Neofusicoccum luteum and N. parvum, respectively. The endophytic bacteria reduced lesion length caused by the pathogens (32–52%) compared to untreated controls. This study indicated that mānuka can provide a new source of microorganisms for use in sustainable agriculture

Biological control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, using endophytic bacteria recovered from a medicinal plant

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) is a New Zealand medicinal shrub that produces essential oils with antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to determine whether endophytes from L. scoparium could be transferred to A. deliciosa and maintain their biocontrol activity. Five endophytic bacteria showed antagonism against Psa in vitro. The endophytic bacteria possessed multiple antibiotic producing genes, such as phenazine, 2,4-DAPG, and hydrogen cyanide, compounds that are known to inhibit growth of bacterial plant pathogens. Spontaneous chloramphenicol mutants and BOX-PCR fingerprinting were used to monitor endophytic colonization of antagonistic bacteria in planta. Three endophytic bacteria were transmissible to A. deliciosa by wound inoculation where they inhibited colonization by Psa and reduced disease severity in two different commercial cultivars

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka): Effects on plant growth and essential oil content

Leptospermum scoparium or mānuka is a New Zealand native medicinal plant that produces essential oils with antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community in mānuka by culture dependent (trap culture) and independent (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) approaches. Furthermore, to assess whether mycorrhizal inoculation could alter growth and essential oil composition of mānuka, plants of a single regional chemotype were grown in unsterilized soil and inoculated with five AMF isolates. Leaf essential oil compositions and yields were determined by microscale solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. AMF inoculation significantly increased growth compared to uninoculated plants. Qualitative i.e. different relative proportions of compounds, which are distinctive in chemotypes and quantitative (i.e. absolute concentrations of compounds, expressed as mg/g of dry leaf or equivalent) effects of AMF inoculation on mānuka essential oil composition depended on the isolate. AMF inoculation modified the Gammaproteobacterial community on roots and this may have contributed to changes in essential oil composition. Overall, these results demonstrated that AMF can improve the growth of mānuka and affect plant secondary metabolites in leaves, which would be valuable in commercial essential oil production from plantation-grown mānuka

Indigenous bacteria enhance growth and modify essential oil content in Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka)

Leptospermum scoparium J.R.Forst. et G.Forst. var. scoparium (Myrtaceae), or mānuka, is a New Zealand medicinal plant that yields essential oils with varying triketones concentrations. The effects of mānuka-associated bacteria, isolated from plants growing in five regions, on growth and essential oil composition of one regional variety, were investigated for the first time. Leaf essential oil compositions and yields were determined by microscale solvent extraction and GC-MS analyses. Erwinia sp. T4MS11P and Pseudomonas sp. M3R43 increased growth compared to control plants. Plants inoculated with Erwinia sp. T4MS11P had similar concentrations of triketone grandiflorone as control plants, whereas plants inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. M3R43 had lower grandiflorone concentrations. In contrast, inoculation with a bacterial consortium isolated from the West Coast did not increase plant growth, but gave higher grandiflorone concentrations (> 160%) compared to control plants. The different treatments showed some effects on qualitative oil composition, but these were not significantly different between regional chemotypes. Overall, the results demonstrated that bacteria increased the growth of mānuka and grandiflorone concentrations in leaves. These effects would be valuable in commercial essential oil production from plantation-grown mānuka