40 research outputs found
Revising the Local Bubble Model due to Solar Wind Charge Exchange X-ray Emission
The hot Local Bubble surrounding the solar neighborhood has been primarily
studied through observations of its soft X-ray emission. The measurements were
obtained by attributing all of the observed local soft X-rays to the bubble.
However, mounting evidence shows that the heliosphere also produces diffuse
X-rays. The source is solar wind ions that have received an electron from
another atom. The presence of this alternate explanation for locally produced
diffuse X-rays calls into question the existence and character of the Local
Bubble. This article addresses these questions. It reviews the literature on
solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) X-ray production, finding that SWCX accounts
for roughly half of the observed local 1/4 keV X-rays found at low latitudes.
This article also makes predictions for the heliospheric O VI column density
and intensity, finding them to be smaller than the observational error bars.
Evidence for the continued belief that the Local Bubble contains hot gas
includes the remaining local 1/4 keV intensity, the observed local O VI column
density, and the need to fill the local region with some sort of plasma. If the
true Local Bubble is half as bright as previously thought, then its electron
density and thermal pressure are 1/square-root(2) as great as previously
thought, and its energy requirements and emission measure are 1/2 as great as
previously thought. These adjustments can be accommodated easily, and, in fact,
bring the Local Bubble's pressure more in line with that of the adjacent
material. Suggestions for future work are made.Comment: 9 pages, refereed, accepted for publication in the proceedings of the
"From the Outer Heliosphere to the Local Bubble: Comparisons of New
Observations with Theory" conference and in Space Science Review
What Physical Processes Drive the Interstellar Medium in the Local Bubble?
Recent 3D high-resolution simulations of the interstellar medium in a star form-
ing galaxy like the Milky Way show that supernova explosions are the main driver of the
structure and evolution of the gas. Its physical state is largely controlled by turbulence due
to the high Reynolds numbers of the average flows. For a constant supernova rate a dynam-
ical equilibrium is established within 200 Myr of simulation as a consequence of the setup
of a galactic fountain. The resulting interstellar medium reveals a typical density/pressure
pattern, i.e. distribution of so-called gas phases, on scales of 500–700 pc, with interstellar
bubbles being a common phenomenon just like the Local Bubble and the Loop I superbub-
ble, which are assumed to be interacting. However, modeling the Local Bubble is special,
because it is driven by a moving group, passing through its volume, as it is inferred from
the analysis of Hipparcos data. A detailed analysis reveals that between 14 and 19 super-
novae have exploded during the last 15 Myr. The age of the Local Bubble is derived from
comparison with HI and UV absorption line data to be 14.5±0.7
Myr. We further predict the
0.4merging of the two bubbles in about 3 Myr from now, when the interaction shell starts to
fragment. The Local Cloud and its companion HI clouds are the consequence of a dynamical
instability in the interaction shell between the Local and the Loop I bubble
A Delphi-method-based consensus guideline for definition of treatment-resistant depression for clinical trials
Criteria for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and partially responsive depression (PRD) as subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD) are not unequivocally defined. In the present document we used a Delphi-method-based consensus approach to define TRD and PRD and to serve as operational criteria for future clinical studies, especially if conducted for regulatory purposes. We reviewed the literature and brought together a group of international experts (including clinicians, academics, researchers, employees of pharmaceutical companies, regulatory bodies representatives, and one person with lived experience) to evaluate the state-of-the-art and main controversies regarding the current classification. We then provided recommendations on how to design clinical trials, and on how to guide research in unmet needs and knowledge gaps. This report will feed into one of the main objectives of the EUropean Patient-cEntric clinicAl tRial pLatforms, Innovative Medicines Initiative (EU-PEARL, IMI) MDD project, to design a protocol for platform trials of new medications for TRD/PRD. © 2021, The Author(s).EU/EFPIA/Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking
Feint Lines: Notes on the Creation of a Skateboard Choreography
Magnetic fields on a range of scales play a large role in the ecosystems of
galaxies, both in the galactic disk and in the extended layers of gas away from
the plane. Observing magnetic field strength, structure and orientation is
complex, and necessarily indirect. Observational data of magnetic fields in the
halo of the Milky Way are scarce, and non-conclusive about the large-scale
structure of the field. In external galaxies, various large-scale
configurations of magnetic fields are measured, but many uncertainties about
exact configurations and their origin remain. There is a strong interaction
between magnetic fields and other components in the interstellar medium such as
ionized and neutral gas and cosmic rays. The energy densities of these
components are comparable on large scales, indicating that magnetic fields are
not passive tracers but that magnetic field feedback on the other interstellar
medium components needs to be taken into account.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures. Accepted in Space Science Review
The Galactic Environment of the Sun: Interstellar Material Inside and Outside of the Heliosphere
Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from alkoxides by a perfluoroalkyl radical. An oxyanion accelerated process
A combination of laser flash photolysis and competitive kinetic methods has been used to measure the absolute bimolecular rate constants for hydrogen atom abstraction in water from a series of fluorinated alkoxides and aldehyde hydrates by the perfluoroalkyl radical, CF2CF2OCF 2CF2SO3 -Na+. The bimolecular rate constants observed for the \u3b2-fluorinated alkoxides were in the 105 M-1 s-1 range, such rates representing enhancements (relative to the respective alcohols) of between 100 and almost 1000-fold, depending on the reactivity of the alkoxide. Likewise, the monobasic sodium salts of chloral and fluoral hydrate exhibit similar rate enhancements, relative to their respective hydrates.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye
Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from alkoxides by a perfluoroalkyl radical. An oxyanion accelerated process
A combination of laser flash photolysis and competitive kinetic methods has been used to measure the absolute bimolecular rate constants for hydrogen atom abstraction in water from a series of fluorinated alkoxides and aldehyde hydrates by the perfluoroalkyl radical, CF2CF2OCF 2CF2SO3 -Na+. The bimolecular rate constants observed for the \u3b2-fluorinated alkoxides were in the 105 M-1 s-1 range, such rates representing enhancements (relative to the respective alcohols) of between 100 and almost 1000-fold, depending on the reactivity of the alkoxide. Likewise, the monobasic sodium salts of chloral and fluoral hydrate exhibit similar rate enhancements, relative to their respective hydrates.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye