1,233 research outputs found
Fowler-Nordheim-like local injection of photoelectrons from a silicon tip
Tunneling between a photo-excited p-type silicon tip and a gold surface is
studied as a function of tip bias, tip/sample distance and light intensity. In
order to extend the range of application of future spin injection experiments,
the measurements are carried out under nitrogen gas at room temperature. It is
found that while tunneling of valence band electrons is described by a standard
process between the semiconductor valence band and the metal, the tunneling of
photoelectrons obeys a Fowler-Nordheim-like process directly from the
conduction band. In the latter case, the bias dependence of the photocurrent as
a function of distance is in agreement with theoretical predictions which
include image charge effects. Quantitative analysis of the bias dependence of
the dark and photocurrent spectra gives reasonable values for the distance, and
for the tip and metal work functions. For small distances image charge effects
induce a vanishing of the barrier and the bias dependence of the photocurrent
is exponential. In common with many works on field emission, fluctuations in
the tunneling currents are observed. These are mainly attributed to changes in
the prefactor for the tunneling photocurrent, which we suggest is caused by an
electric-field-induced modification of the thickness of the natural oxide layer
covering the tip apex.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
Which children and young people are excluded from school? Findings from a large British birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.Background
Exclusion from school is increasingly recognized as pertinent to child health. National educational data reveal that boys, children who are looked-after, living in poverty, have special educational needs, or from certain ethnic minorities, are disproportionately excluded from school. As population-based data on the wider characteristics of excluded children are scarce, we aimed to describe predictors of school exclusion in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
Method
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a prospective U.K. population-based birth cohort study, collected parent reports of permanent school exclusions by 8 years and parent and self-reports of permanent and fixed-term exclusions in the preceding 12 months at 16 years. Potential risk factors were examined for associations with exclusion using logistic regression, with a focus on child mental health and neurodevelopment.
Results
Analyses were based on all available data on 53/8,245 (0.6%) pupils excluded from school by 8 years and 390/4,482 (8.7%) at 16 years. Key factors associated with exclusion at both time points included male gender, lower socio-economic status, maternal psychopathology, mental health and behavioural difficulties, psychiatric disorder, social communication difficulties, language difficulties, antisocial activities, bullying/being bulled, lower parental engagement with education, low school engagement, poor relationship with teacher, low educational attainment, and special educational needs (all p < .05).
Conclusion
Exclusion from school was associated with child, family and school-related factors identifiable at, or prior to, primary school age. Child health professionals have an important role in the holistic, multidisciplinary assessment of children who are at risk of exclusion from school. Mental health and neurodevelopmental difficulties should be recognized and supported, to improve the health and educational outcomes among this vulnerable group.NIHR
Research Trainees Coordinating Centre. Grant Number: 1975
Academic Clinical Fellowship in Child Healt
Naval Narratives of Re-enactment: In Which We Serve and Sea of Fire
This essay examines two narrative examples of the Royal Navy and naval combat on screen, exploring their resemblances in the reenactment of naval history and their portrayal of the past through consistent representational strategies. In Which We Serve (Noel Coward and David Lean, 1942) and Sea of Fire (Ian Duncan, 2007) use deliberate and self-conscious recreations of the past to authenticate their interpretations of British naval history, and evince comparably conservative stances towards the Royal Navy and perceptions of its traditions. The similarity of their narratives, which describe the events leading up to the loss of two Navy destroyers, helps to reveal and reinforce the tonal, structural and stylistic parallels in their depictions. The correspondence in their portrayal of naval combat and the institution of the Royal Navy illustrates the consistencies of representation which characterise the naval war film as a distinctive, definable narrative form. Above all, their commitment to the recreation and reenactment of identifiable historical events underpins their importance in the representation and commemoration of the national, naval past. It is this aspect of both productions which is significant in the exploration of the role of visual representations to construct, affirm and broadcast pervasive and persuasive versions of popular history
Universal quantum control of two-electron spin quantum bits using dynamic nuclear polarization
One fundamental requirement for quantum computation is to perform universal
manipulations of quantum bits at rates much faster than the qubit's rate of
decoherence. Recently, fast gate operations have been demonstrated in logical
spin qubits composed of two electron spins where the rapid exchange of the two
electrons permits electrically controllable rotations around one axis of the
qubit. However, universal control of the qubit requires arbitrary rotations
around at least two axes. Here we show that by subjecting each electron spin to
a magnetic field of different magnitude we achieve full quantum control of the
two-electron logical spin qubit with nanosecond operation times. Using a single
device, a magnetic field gradient of several hundred milliTesla is generated
and sustained using dynamic nuclear polarization of the underlying Ga and As
nuclei. Universal control of the two-electron qubit is then demonstrated using
quantum state tomography. The presented technique provides the basis for single
and potentially multiple qubit operations with gate times that approach the
threshold required for quantum error correction.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary Material included as ancillary
fil
Quantum-dot spin qubit and hyperfine interaction
We review our investigation of the spin dynamics for two electrons confined
to a double quantum dot under the influence of the hyperfine interaction
between the electron spins and the surrounding nuclei. Further we propose a
scheme to narrow the distribution of difference in polarization between the two
dots in order to suppress hyperfine induced decoherence.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures; Presented as plenary talk at the annual DPG
meeting 2006, Dresden (to appear in Advances in Solid State Physics vol. 46,
2006
Coulomb "blockade" of Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Quantum Dots
We study the mechanism of nuclear spin relaxation in quantum dots due to the
electron exchange with 2D gas. We show that the nuclear spin relaxation rate is
dramatically affected by the Coulomb blockade and can be controlled by gate
voltage. In the case of strong spin-orbit coupling the relaxation rate is
maximal in the Coulomb blockade valleys whereas for the weak spin-orbit
coupling the maximum of the nuclear spin relaxation rate is near the Coulomb
blockade peaks.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
A New Type of Electron Nuclear-Spin Interaction from Resistively Detected NMR in the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect Regime
Two dimensional electron gases in narrow GaAs quantum wells show huge
longitudinal resistance (HLR) values at certain fractional filling factors.
Applying an RF field with frequencies corresponding to the nuclear spin
splittings of {69}Ga, {71}Ga and {75}As leads to a substantial decreases of the
HLR establishing a novel type of resistively detected NMR. These resonances are
split into four sub lines each. Neither the number of sub lines nor the size of
the splitting can be explained by established interaction mechanisms.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
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