Letter to Editor: Monkey Housing: Every Litter Bit Helps

Non-human primates, laboratory housin

Book Review of The Question of Animal Awareness and Animals Are Equal

McGrew reviews two books addressing what lies behind the behavior of nonhuman species. Griffin\u27s book caused considerable discussion when it first appeared five years earlier. The book has become the cornerstone of a new discipline – cognitive ethology. Three new chapters (on mental experiences, semantics, and evolutionary continuity) have been added to the original eight in the first edition. Almost a third of the cited studies have appeared since the first edition\u27s publication, illustrating the unexpected richness of the new findings. Griffin emphasizes that animal communication is the richest source of material, leading to inferences about animal minds. Griffin is careful not to overstate his case. Hall\u27s book is very different, and the two books, while focusing on more-or-less the same topic, could not be more different. However, McGrew argues that both books challenge the long-held assumptions about the mental lives of other species. Direct evidence of animal mental lives may be hard to find, but even the most prudent interpretation of the new research raises ethical implications

Geologic Map of the Welcome Quadrangle and an Adjacent Part of the Wells Quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada

Located in central Elko County, the Welcome and adjacent part of the Wells quadrangles expose a remarkable array of critical relationships for understanding the geologic history of the State of Nevada and the interior of the southwestern U.S. Cordillera. Covering the northern end of the East Humboldt Range and adjacent Clover Valley and Clover Hill, this map includes the northern terminus of the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex. The oldest rocks in the State of Nevada (the gneiss complex of Angel Lake), and Nevada’s only exposures of Archean rock, form the core of a multikilometer scale, southward-closing recumbent foldnappe, the Winchell Lake nappe (WLN). Although intensely metamorphosed and profoundly ductilely attenuated, the WLN folds a series of pre-metamorphic thrust allochthons that collectively form an essentially complete sequence of Paleoproterozoic to Mississippian metasedimentary rocks. The WLN transported what may be Nevada’s most deeply exhumed rocks, with peak pressures ranging to 10 kb, peak temperatures in excess of 750 ºC, and widespread partial melting and stromatic migmatization, all related to Late Cretaceous to Paleocene tectonism. Overprinting the metamorphic core is a WNW-directed kilometer-scale shear zone that, together with the detachment fault that forms its roof, accommodated tens of kilometers of extensional displacement in mid- to late Cenozoic time, diachronously exhuming the terrain from mid-crustal depths by late Miocene time. In addition, the high-grade rocks are extensively intruded by one of the Nevada’s most diverse suites of magmatic rocks, ranging in age from Archean to Miocene and in composition from mafic to felsic. On the west flank of Clover Hill, a westdipping detachment-fault system separates the highgrade metamorphic core from an overlying plexus of brittlely deformed, partly correlative but lower grade to non-metamorphosed Paleozoic rocks. In turn, a sequence of partly syntectonic volcanic and sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Eocene to Miocene structurally overlie the fault-bounded Paleozoic units. The Cenozoic sequence includes late Eocene and Oligocene ignimbrites and volcaniclastic rocks, Miocene sedimentary rocks and megabreccias, a Miocene rhyolite complex, and younger sedimentary rocks and vitric tuffs. The presence of the most distal northeasterly exposure of a key Oligocene volcanic marker, the 29 Ma tuff of Campbell Creek, suggests that a broad, low-relief (unfaulted) terrain was dissected by paleovalleys that extended at least 200 km to the west. Bracketed between the tuff of Campbell Creek and a 15.5 Ma tuffaceous sandstone at the base of the Miocene Humboldt Formation is a proximal sedimentary sequence known as the sedimentary sequence of Clover Creek that includes conglomerate, sedimentary breccia, sandstone, and megabreccia as well as intercalations of fossiliferous lacustrine strata. The megabreccias consist of unmetamorphosed mid- Paleozoic rocks (chiefly Upper Devonian Guilmette Formation) interpreted as rock-avalanche deposits shed from evolving normal-fault scarps inferred to have bounded the basin to the east. Disconformably overlying the sedimentary sequence of Clover Creek is a thick sequence of Miocene Humboldt Formation that is tilted steeply down against the detachment fault system, documenting large-scale displacement on the detachment system extending to at least as young ca. 9 Ma. Finally, bounding the range today on both east and west are large, normal-fault systems that were active in Quaternary time, including the Clover Hill fault, which may represent a southerly extension of the blind fault that caused the 2008 Mw 6.0 Wells earthquake

Congregations as Social Service Providers: Services, Capacity, Culture, and Organizational Behavior

Social welfare is traditionally discussed as a mixture of public, private, communal, and familial enterprise. Indeed, most textbooks and programs focus on the changing balance between these four circles of care. In the United States, a fifth and recently prominent circle of care exists and plays a major role, namely congregation-based social service provision. In this article, we first explain why faith-based care is so paramount in the United States, including a short discussion about the political developments in faith-based efforts. We then show the scope of congregational involvement in social service provision based on a large study of congregations. The rest of the article is dedicated to key administrative challenges regarding this mode of social service provision with a focus on their capacity, cultural characteristics, and organizational behavior. The latter topic is divided between start-up of new projects by congregations and issues related to running social programs in congregational settings. We conclude with a summary and discussion about the place of congregations as social service providers in the American welfare arena

[Introduction] Cognition in the wild: exploring animal minds with observational evidence

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