171 The effect of forage quality and protein supplementation source on digestibility of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass

Abstract An in vitro experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of quality and supplementation (CON-control, no supplement, DDG-dried distillers grains, 29.32% CP, LFD-liquid feed, 56.45% CP) on IVDMD, NDF disappearance (NDFD) and ruminal fermentation parameters of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Forage was harvested at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wk over three growing seasons to simulate various forage management practices. Samples were analyzed by Near-infrared spectroscopy and stratified by relative forage quality (RFQ). Samples were selected to represent high (120), medium (100) and low (80) RFQ. The LFD was added at 5.4% of DMI, equivalent to 0.91 kg (as fed) per head per day. The DDG was included at equivalent of 16.99%, 14.36%, and 12.23% of total DM for the high, medium, and low low RFQ forages, respectively, to make the treatments isonitrogenous to the LFD treatments. Fermentations were carried out for 48 h on 3 d. The experiment was analyzed as a 3 x 3 factorial; arrangement with RFQ and type of supplement as factors. The IVDMD (46.9, 54.6, and 62.8%) and NDFD (41.7, 53.8, and 56.1%) increased (P &lt; 0.001) as RFQ increased. Supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.009) NDFD (39.7, 49.5, and 59.5%) but only the LFD increased IVDMD (52.7, 55.4 and 56.2%). An RFQ x supplement interaction was observed for IVDMD (P &lt; 0.001) and NDFD (P &lt; 0.007). No effects of supplementation were observed for high RFQ. For medium RFQ forage quality only LDF increased IVDMD and DDG was not different from CON or LDF; and no effect of supplementation was observed for NDFD. Supplementation increased IVDMD and NDFD for low RFQ forage. There was no effect of supplementation on total gas production or total VFA concentrations. Supplementation with LFD and DDG improves IVDMD and NDFD in low RFQ Bermudagrass, and LFD supplementation can enhance IVDMD in medium RFQ forage quality</jats:p

Critical challenges in biohydrogen production processes from the organic feedstocks

The ever-increasing world energy demand drives the need for new and sustainable renewable fuel to mitigate problems associated with greenhouse gas emissions such as climate change. This helps in the development toward decarbonisation. Thus, in recent years, hydrogen has been seen as a promising candidate in global renewable energy agendas, where the production of biohydrogen gains more attention compared with fossil-based hydrogen. In this review, biohydrogen production using organic waste materials through fermentation, biophotolysis, microbial electrolysis cell and gasification are discussed and analysed from a technological perspective. The main focus herein is to summarise and criticise through bibliometric analysis and put forward the guidelines for the potential future routes of biohydrogen production from biomass and especially organic waste materials. This research review claims that substantial efforts currently and, in the future, should focus on biohydrogen production from integrated technology of processes of (i) dark and photofermentation, (ii) microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) and (iii) gasification of combined different biowastes. Furthermore, bibliometric mapping shows that hydrogen production from biomethanol and the modelling process are growing areas in the biohydrogen research that lead to zero-carbon energy soon