Understanding Spin: the field theory of magnetic interactions

Spin is commonly thought to reflect the true quantum nature of microphysics. We show that spin is related to intrinsic and field-like properties of single particles. These properties change continuously in external magnetic fields. Interactions of massive particles with homogeneous and inhomogeneous fields result in two discrete particle states, symmetric to the original one. We analyze the difficulties in quantum mechanics to give a precise spacetime account of the experiments and find that they arise from unsuitable analogies for spin. In particular from the analogy of an angular momentum. Several experiments are suggested to check the model against the standard model in quantum mechanics.Comment: 10 pages (RevTeX, twocolumn) and 3 figures (eps). Related papers can be found at http://www.cmmp.ucl.ac.uk/~wah/md.htm

Evidence for a dynamic origin of charge

The fundamental equations of particle motion lead to a modified Poisson equation including dynamic charge. This charge derives from density oscillations of a particle; it is not discrete, but continuous. Within the dynamic model of hydrogen it accounts for all features of electron proton interactions, its origin are density oscillations of the proton. We propose a new system of electromagnetic units, based on meter, kilogram, and second, bearing on these findings. The system has none of the disadvantages of traditional three-unit systems. On the basis of our theoretical model we can genuinely derive the scaling factor between electromagnetic and mechanic variables, which is equal, within a few percent, to Planck's constant h. The implications of the results in view of unifying gravity and quantum theory are discussed. It seems that the hypothetical solar gravity waves, in the low frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, are open to experimental detection.Comment: 8 pages (RevTeX, twocolumn). Included the scale between atomic variables and macroscopic measures in section VI. Corrected a numerical ambiguity in section VII. The energy flow of solar gravity waves is now given unambiguously in SI units. Minor improvements in the wordin

Simulation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments in a local hidden variables model with limited efficiency and coherence

We simulate correlation measurements of entangled photons numerically. The model employed is strictly local. The correlation is determined by its classical expression with one decisive difference: we sum up coincidences for each pair individually. We analyze the effects of decoherence, detector efficiency and polarizer thresholds in detail. The Bell inequalities are violated in these simulations. The violation depends crucially on the threshold of the polarizer switches and can reach a value of 2.0 in the limiting case. Existing experiments can be fully accounted for by limited coherence and non-ideal detector switches. It seems thus safe to conclude that the Bell inequalities are no suitable criterium to decide on the nonlocality issue.Comment: 5 pages (RevTeX) and 5 figures (eps). Changed the title (included 'local hidden variables') and specified the exact meaning of the polarizer threshold ('Setup') as well as the importance of digitalization via polarizer beam splitters in the actual experiments ('Ideal measurements'). For related papers see http://www.cmmp.ucl.ac.uk/~wah

On interference: the scalar problem

Single-slit and two-slit interferometer measurements of electrons are analyzed within the realistic model of particle propagation. In a step by step procedure we show that all current models of interference are essentially non-local and demonstrate that the treatment of the quantum theory of motion is the simplest model for the scalar problem. In particular we give a novel interpretation of the quantum potential Q, which should be regarded as a non-classical and essentially statistical term describing the changes of the quantum ensemble due to a change of the physical environment.Comment: Six pages (RevTeX) and four figures (eps). For a full list of available papers see http://info.tuwien.ac.at/cms/wh

Measurements in quantum physics: towards a physical picture of relevant processes

We propose a new structure of ensembles in quantum theory, based on the recently introduced intrinsic properties of electrons and photons. On this statistical basis the spreading of a wave-packet, collapse of the wave function, the quantum eraser, and interaction-free measurements are re-analyzed and the usual conceptual problems removed.Comment: RevTeX (single column, 14 pages) with 4 figures (eps). Talk given at the VIth Wigner Symposium, August 16 - 20 (1999) in Istanbul, Turkey. For related papers see http://www.cmmp.ucl.ac.uk/~wah

Internal structures of electrons and photons and some consequences in relativistic physics

The theoretical foundations of quantum mechanics and de Broglie-Bohm mechanics are analyzed and it is shown that both theories employ a formal approach to microphysics. By using a realistic approach it can be established that the internal structures of particles comply with a wave-equation. Including external potentials yields the Schrodinger equation, which, in this context, is arbitrary due to internal energy components. The uncertainty relations are an expression of this, fundamental, arbitrariness. Electrons and photons can be described by an identical formalism, providing formulations equivalent to the Maxwell equations. Electrostatic interactions justify the initial assumption of electron-wave stability: the stability of electron waves can be referred to vanishing intrinsic fields of interaction. Aspect's experimental proof of non-locality is rejected, because these measurements imply a violation of the uncertainty relations. The paper finally points out some fundamental difficulties for a fully covariant formulation of quantum electrodynamics, which seem to be related to the existing infinity problems in this field.Comment: 8 pages (ReVTeX, twocolumn) and 1 figure (eps). Talk given at the International Conference 'Relativistic Physics and Some of its Applications', June 25-28 in Athens, to appear in the proceedings. For a complete list of available papers see http://info.tuwien.ac.at/cms/wh

Measurement processes in quantum physics: a new theory of measurements in terms of statistical ensembles

Considering the recently established arbitrariness the Schroedinger equation has to be interpreted as an equation of motion for a statistical ensemble of particles. The statistical qualities of individual particles derive from the unknown intrinsic energy components, they depend on the physical environment by way of external potentials. Due to these statistical qualities and wave function normalization, non-locality is inherent to the fundamental relations of Planck, de Broglie and Schroedinger. A local formulation of these statements is introduced and briefly assessed, the modified and local Schroedinger equation is non-linear. Quantum measurements are analyzed in detail, the exact interplay between causal and statistical reasons in a measurement process can be accounted for. Examples of individual measurement effects in quantum theory are given, the treatment of diffraction experiments, neutron interferences, quantum erasers, the quantum Zeno effect, and interaction-free measurements can be described consistent with the suggested framework. The paper additionally provides a strictly local and deterministic calculation of interactions in a magnetic field. The results suggest that quantum theory is a statistical formalism which derives its validity in measurements from considering every possible measurement of a given system. It can equally be established, that the framework of quantum physics is theoretically incomplete, because a justification of ensemble qualities is not provided.Comment: 24 pages (ReVTeX, twocolumn) and 9 figures (eps), corrected an omission in eq.(5.4) and some typographical errors in section V-D (Quantum erasers

Beyond Uncertainty: the internal structure of electrons and photons

The wave-structure of moving electrons is analyzed on a fundamental level by employing a modified de Broglie relation. Formalizing the wave-function $\psi$ in real notation yields internal energy components due to mass oscillations. The wave-features can then be referred to physical waves of discrete frequency $\nu$ and the classical dispersion relation $\lambda \nu = u$, complying with the classical wave equation. Including external potentials yields the Schr\"odinger equation, which, in this context, is arbitrary due to the internal energy components. It can be established that the uncertainty relations are an expression of this, fundamental, arbitrariness. Electrons and photons can be described by an identical formalism, providing formulations equivalent to the Maxwell equations. The wave equations of intrinsic particle properties are Lorentz invariant considering total energy of particles, although transformations into a moving reference frame lead to an increase of intrinsic potentials. Interactions of photons and electrons are treated extensively, the results achieved are equivalent to the results in quantum theory. Electrostatic interactions provide, a posteriori, a justification for the initial assumption of electron-wave stability: the stability of electron waves can be referred to vanishing intrinsic fields of interaction. The concept finally allows the conclusion that a significant correlation for a pair of spin particles in EPR--like measurements is likely to violate the uncertainty relations.Comment: 24 pages (RevTeX, twocolumn) and 2 figures (eps). Modifications and additions in section IV/K (particle spin) to improve on readability and conciseness (only verbal

Electron acceleration due to photon absorption: A possible origin of the infinity problems in relativistic quantum fields

Based on the concept of extended particles recently introduced we perform a Gedankenexperiment accelerating single electrons with photons of suitably low frequency. Accounting for relativistic time dilation due to the acquired velocity and in infinite repetition of single absorption processes it can be shown that the kinetic energy in the infinite limit is equal to m_{e} c^{2}/2. However, the inertial mass of the electron seems enhanced, and it can be established that this enhancement is described by the relativistic mass effect. It appears, therefore, that although there exists a singularity in interactions - the frequency required to accelerate the particle near the limit of c becomes infinite - the energy of the particle itself approaches a finite limit. Comparing with calculations of the Lamb-shift by Bethe this result seems to provide the ultimate justification for the renormalization procedures employed.Comment: 4 pages (RevTeX, twocolumn) and 2 figures (eps). Journal reference updated and the effects of time dilation explained more thoroughly. For a list of available papers see http://info.tuwien.ac.at/cms/wh

Non--locality of particle spin: a consequence of interaction energy?

Neutron interference measurements with macroscopic beam separation allow to study the influence of magnetic fields on spin properties. By calculating the interaction energy with a dynamic and deterministic model, we are able to establish that the phase shift on one component of the neutron beam is linear with magnetic intensity, and equally, that interaction energy as well as phase shifts do not depend on the orientation of the magnetic field. The theoretical treatment allows the conclusion that the non-local properties of particle spin derive from the classical equation for interaction energy and the fact, that interaction energy does not depend on magnetic field orientation. Additionally, it can be established that the 4 pi symmetry of spinors in this case depends on the scaling of magnetic fields.Comment: 4 pages (ReVTeX, twocolumn) and 3 figures (eps