Controlling Schools: How School Resource Officers’ Roles Map Onto Schools’ Behavior Management Strategies

School resource officer (SRO) behavior varies across schools, but little is known about what shapes their behavior. Social ecological theories state that features of communities shapes individual behavior, including police officers. This may similarly apply to SROs. This study uses the 2015 to 2016 School Survey on Crime and Safety to test the extent to which three aspects of a school’s context related to behavior management (i.e., security measures, disciplinary environment, and restorative practices) shape SROs’ involvement in three roles: law enforcement, teacher, and mentor. Using a generalized structural equation model to examine the relationships between school context and SRO roles, consistent with ecological theories, we find that school context shapes SRO roles. Implications and future research are further discussed

The Femme Fatale in Vogue:Femininity Ideologies in Fin-de-siècle America

This article explores how marketing influences ideologies of femininity. Tracing the evolution of femme fatale images in Vogue magazine in 1890s America, we develop a typology around four archetypal forms of the femme fatale that prevailed during this period. In doing so we respond to calls for more critical historical analyses on femininity. While studies on masculinity ideologies proliferate, there is a paucity of research on dissonant representations of femininity in popular culture media. The femme fatale, often a self-determined seductress who causes anguish to the men who become involved with her, is an intriguing and enduring challenge to traditional notions of femininity. Thus, in studying the femme fatale in her historical context and revealing the multiplicity of feminine ideologies contained within this trope, we contribute to a deeper understanding of marketing’s role in both reflecting and reinforcing societal assumptions, attitudes and problematics around gender norms.</p

INTERNAL ROTATION IN CF3CF_{3}NO2NO_{2}, REVISITED

1. I. L. Karle and J. Karle, J. Chem. Phys. 36, 1969 (1962). 2. W. M. Tolles, E. T. Handelman, and W. D. Gwinn, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 3019 (1965).Author Institution: Naval Research LaboratoryThe barrier to internal rotation for $CF_{3}$$NO_{2}$ has previously been determined by two independent methods: 1) by electron $diffraction^{1}$and 2) by rotational microwave $spectroscopy^{2}$. These two methods have indicated the barrier to rotation to be 3 kcal/mole and 74 cal/mole respectively. This discrepancy has not been resolved in 25 years. In an attempt to explain this discrepancy, a model has been developed to incorporate the effects of coupling between the internal rotation motion and the vibration of the $NO_{2}$ group. Both electron diffraction radial distribution curves and rotational microwave spectra are simulated and compared with experimental data. Discrepancies which continue to be apparent are examined through the use of alternative coupled internal rotation and vibrational effects. An alternative mechanism involving coupling of the atomic motions is proposed to explain the discrepancy

The Cation Radical of Tetramethyl-2-tetrazene

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00967a002The reaction between tetramethyl-2-tetrazene and tetranitromethane in various solvents gives a relatively long-lived paramagnetic species which has been identified by its electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum as the cation radical of tetramethyl-2-tetrazene. Although the complexity of the spectrum precluded analysis by inspection, spin-coupling constants were determined by least-squares analysis of a portion of the spectrum. These parameters agreed with values obtained for similar radicals. The coupling constants (in gauss) for the radical in acetone are a(N) (2,3 positions) = 1.07 ± 0.05, a(N) (1,4 positions) = 10.93 ± 0.06, a(H) (six equivalent protons) = 10.45 ± 0.05, and a (H) (six equivalent protons) = 11.72 ± 0.05; the line width is 0.39 gauss at -30˚. The free electron spin density is estimated to be 0.42 on the 1,4 positions and 0.08 on the 2,3 positions. The relatively small nitrogen coupling constant in the 1,4 positions compared to that predicted for tetrahedral nitrogen atoms is evidence for sp² hybridization on the terminal nitrogen atoms. It is found that reactions of tetranitromethane with other materials result in paramagnetic positive ions of the oxidized species.Office of Naval Researc

Microwave spectrum and barrier to internal rotation in Trifluoronitromethane

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1697269The microwave spectrum for CFaN02 has been observed for the J=1-+J =2 through the J =4--+J =5 transitions. Some 35 lines in these transitions are assigned, and the Stark effects for three of these were studied quantitatively and interpreted. A discrepancy in the Stark effect of a 4-+5 transition can be ac­ counted for by properly adjusting the sixfold barrier to internal rotation. The parameters used to obtain the best fit for the spectrum are the following: B+C=4917.4±0.4 Mc/sec, B-C=453.9±5 Mc/sec, A (N02) = 13205±150 Mc/sec, A (CFa) = 5700 Mc/sec (assumed), V6=780 000 Mc/sec= 74.4±5 cal/mole. The dipole moment obtained from the Stark-effect measurements is 1.44±0.03 D.California Research CorporationThe National Science FoundationOffice of Naval ResearchMiller Institute for Basic Research in Scienc

EPR investigation of irradiated strontium and zinc acetate single crystals

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1675050X-ray irradiation of strontium acetate hemihydrate produces CH3C022- and not the methyl radical as in other acetates. At higher temperatures this spectrum is replaced with two magnetically distinct ·CH2 CQ2- radicals. In the presence of the propionate. ion, further reaction proceeds at about -30°C to yield one rotamer of one magnetically distinct CHaCHCO,- radical. The ratio of propionate/acetate damage at room temperature is found to be 700: 1in strontium acetate, indicating some mechanism for the delocalization of the damage. This same reaction with a substituted propionate ion occurs in zinc acetate with a ratio of 20: 1. The coupling tensors for all species are presented.Office of Naval Researc