Leaching Hazardous Substances out of Photovoltaic Modules

Photovoltaic modules contain hazardous substances such as lead and cadmium. Under normal operation conditions, these materials will not be released into the environment. This study identifies conditions resulting in release. Our worst case study uses milled module pieces of 0.2 mm size. Depending on the pH value of water based solutions, more or less amounts of hazardous substances are leached out. Solutions with low pH values (acidic solutions) yield substantial leaching. Three different solutions simulate different environmental conditions: i) “low mineralized water” conditions, via water containing sodium hydroxide, ii) “sea water” conditions, via water containing sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride, and iii) “rainwater” conditions, via water containing acetic acid. In “rain water”-like solutions with low pH, already after a few days, around 30 % of the cadmium is leached out from milled cadmium telluride module pieces, increasing to 50 % after 56 days! In the same time, more than 15 % of lead is leached out from c-Si module pieces. Tellurium elutes in the range of 30 to 40 % with a weak dependence on the pH value of the solution indicating an instability of the compound cadmiumtelluride out of the cadmiumtelluride modules. Most of the extractions increase during several weeks of measurement. Therefore, the usual one-day-elution test does not give enough information. Meaningful leaching experiments should last for at least ten days

Untersuchungen ueber die Schwermetalle im Hausmuell und deren Aufkonzentrierung in bestimmten Fraktionen und Stoffgruppen durch verfahrenstechnische Massnahmen

Copy held by FIZ Karlsruhe; available from UB/TIB Hannover / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Untersuchung des Kompostierungsverfahrens Schichtenmiete. T. 3 Ergebnisdarstellung

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F93B878 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie (BMFT), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Untersuchung des Kompostierungsverfahrens Schichtenmiete. T. 2 Verfahrensbeschreibung und Bilddokumentation

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F93B877 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie (BMFT), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Focus on radioiodine-131 biokinetics: the influence of methylprednisolone on intratherapeutic effective half-life of 131I during radioiodine therapy of Graves’ disease

Aim!#!Radioiodine therapy (RIT) may trigger the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) or exacerbate pre-existing subclinical GO. Therefore, glucocorticoid administration is recommended for patients with pre-existing GO. Aim of this study was to analyze the influence of glucocorticoid therapy with methylprednisolone on intratherapeutic effective half-life (EHL) of radioiodine-131 in patients with Graves' disease (GD) as recent studies showed an effect for prednisolone.!##!Methods!#!In a retrospective study, 264 patients with GD who underwent RIT without any additional antithyroid medication were evaluated. Intrathyroidal EHL was determined pre- and intratherapeutically. Patients with co-existing GO (n = 43) received methylprednisolone according to a fixed scheme starting 1 day prior to RIT, patients without GO (n = 221) did not receive any protective glucocorticoid medication. The ratios of EHL during RIT and during radioiodine uptake test (RIUT) were compared.!##!Results!#!Patients receiving methylprednisolone showed a slight decrease of the mean EHL from 5.63 d (RIUT) to 5.39 d (RIT) (p > 0.05). A comparable result was obtained in patients without glucocorticoids (5.71 d (RIUT) to 5.47 d (RIT); p > 0.05). The ratios of the EHL between RIT and RIUT failed to show a significant difference between the two groups. EHL is therefore not significantly influenced by an additional protective treatment with methylprednisolone.!##!Conclusions!#!In the present study a decreased intrathyroidal EHL under glucocorticoid medication with methylprednisolone could not be detected. Therefore, co-medication with methylprednisolone in patients with GO may be preferred to avoid an intratherapeutic decrease of EHL by accompanying protective glucocorticoides