Modeling cosmic ray anisotropies near 10(18) eV

A galactic magnetic field reversal near the Sagittarius spiral arm may be responsible for the southern excess (or northern shortage) of cosmic rays near 10 to the 18th power eV. The north-south asymmetry produced by such a reversal would increase with energy in the same manner as the observed asymmetry. The existence of a reversal has been inferred from analyses of Faraday rotation measures

The Uric Acid Ferments

Within a few years our knowledge of the formation and destruction of uric acid in the body has been much broadened. For a long time after its isolation its origin, significance, place of formation and the agents active in its production and decomposition were unknown. In these respects the facts differ much in the cases of birds and mammals and only the cases of mammas will be here considered

Disciples of Christ in the City

A pamphlet by the Disciples of Christ describing the challenges of ministry in the urban and suburban church, the history of urban ministry, and methods of reaching people in the city. Describes racial issues, missions, and ways to help inner-city churches.https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/1460/thumbnail.jp

Some Auxoamylases

The amylases, or starch splitting enzymes, are aided, or have their activity increased, by certain nitrogenous compounds particularly those which contain the NH2 group. These amylolytic stimulating substances I have called auxoamylases. All amino compounds are not auxo substances, however. The experiments described here have been made to ascertain what compounds do activate the amylases and the conditions which affect their action

The Digestibility of Bleached Flour

For several years the effects of the bleaching process upon the properties of wheat flour have been under discussion. The extent to which flour is used as a food material demands that in justice towards the consumers thorough tests should be made to determine whether the process is deleterious or not. In this paper no consideration will be given to any aspect of the case except that of digestibility

Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

Biogenic aerosols play important roles in atmospheric chemistry physics, the biosphere, climate, and public health. Here, we show that fungi which actively discharge their spores with liquids into the air, in particular actively wet spore discharging Ascomycota (AAM) and actively wet spore discharging Basidiomycota (ABM), are a major source of primary biogenic aerosol particles and components. We present the first estimates for the global average emission rates of fungal spores. Measurement results and budget calculations based on investigations in Amazonia (Balbina, Brazil, July 2001) indicate that the spores of AAM and ABM may account for a large proportion of coarse particulate matter in tropical rainforest regions during the wet season (0.7–2.3 μg m^−3). For the particle diameter range of 1–10 μm, the estimated proportions are ~25% during day-time, ~45% at night, and ~35% on average. For the sugar alcohol mannitol, the budget calculations indicate that it is suitable for use as a molecular tracer for actively wet discharged basidiospores (ABS). ABM emissions seem to account for most of the atmospheric abundance of mannitol (10–68 ng m^−3), and can explain the observed diurnal cycle (higher abundance at night). ABM emissions of hexose carbohydrates might also account for a significant proportion of glucose and fructose in air particulate matter (7–49 ng m^−3), but the literature-derived ratios are not consistent with the observed diurnal cycle (lower abundance at night). AAM emissions appear to account for a large proportion of potassium in air particulate matter over tropical rainforest regions during the wet season (17–43 ng m^−3), and they can also explain the observed diurnal cycle (higher abundance at night). The results of our investigations and budget calculations for tropical rainforest aerosols are consistent with measurements performed at other locations. Based on the average abundance of mannitol reported for extratropical continental boundary layer air (~25 ng m^−3), we have also calculated a value of ~17 Tg yr^−1 as a first estimate for the global average emission rate of ABS over land surfaces, which is consistent with the typically observed concentrations of ABS (~10³–10^4 m^−3; ~0.1–1 μg m^−3). The global average atmospheric abundance and emission rate of total fungal spores, including wet and dry discharged species, are estimated to be higher by a factor of about three, i.e. 1 μg m^−3 and ~50 Tg yr^−1. Comparisons with estimated rates of emission and formation of other major types of organic aerosol (~47 Tg yr^−1 of anthropogenic primary organic aerosol; 12–70 Tg yr^−1 of secondary organic aerosol) indicate that emissions from fungi should be taken into account as a significant global source of organic aerosol. The effects of fungal spores and related chemical components might be particularly important in tropical regions, where both physicochemical processes in the atmosphere and biological activity at the Earth's surface are particularly intense, and where the abundance of fungal spores and related chemical compounds are typically higher than in extratropical regions

In Search of a Source for the 320 Eev Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray

The 320 EeV air shower detected by the Fly's Eye poses an important problem. Careful analysis of pathlength limitations for the possible particle types due to cosmic background radiation verifies that the particle very likely traveled less than 50 Mpc from its source. The best candidates for accelerating particles to such high energies are the very powerful radiogalaxies, however they are all more than 100 Mpc distant. Our search finds no likely source within 50 Mpc in the direction from which the particle arrived. This prompts consideration of less likely astrophysical sources, like M82, as well as non-standard mechanisms like cosmic string annihilation. It is also conceivable that the air shower was produced by some non-standard particle whose pathlength is unlimited because it does not interact with the cosmic background radiation. A less radical alternative is that relatively strong magnetic fields deflected the particle's path through a large angle, so it could have originated at a nearby radiogalaxy at an earlier time of strong activity.Comment: 27 pages, LaTeX, figures available by anonymous ftp, to appear in ApJ (3/1/95

Approximation properties of the qq-sine bases

For $q>12/11$ the eigenfunctions of the non-linear eigenvalue problem associated to the one-dimensional $q$-Laplacian are known to form a Riesz basis of $L^2(0,1)$. We examine in this paper the approximation properties of this family of functions and its dual, in order to establish non-orthogonal spectral methods for the $p$-Poisson boundary value problem and its corresponding parabolic time evolution initial value problem. The principal objective of our analysis is the determination of optimal values of $q$ for which the best approximation is achieved for a given $p$ problem.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures and 2 tables. We have fixed a number of typos and added references. Changed the title to better reflect the conten

Maintaining a Septic Tank System

Once a septic tank and absorption field are installed, you can do several things to prolong their life, thus protecting an investment which may cost $2500 or more. Here are several tips you can follow. Often overlooked or neglected is the fact that septic tanks should be inspected at least once annually. In every properly functioning septic tank, sludge accumulates in the bottom. This sludge is composed of solid materials and must be removed periodically. If the sludge is not removed, the accumulated solids will build up in the septic tank and will begin to wash out into the absorption field. Allowing solids from the septic tank to wash out into the absorption field will eventually clog it to the point where a new field will be needed. Most authorities agree that for a typical three-bedroom home, a 1 ,000-gallon (3,800 I) septic tank will need to have the solids removed every three to five years. Smaller tanks must be pumped more often. Septic tank additives that clean the tank are available, but these are generally not recommended. Some additives may cause the solids to be flushed from the septic tank into the absorption field, causing clogging problems. Other compounds may produce a septic tank effluent which will destroy soil structure and cause premature failure of the soil absorption system. To determine if your septic tank needs pumping, the thickness of the sludge can be measured as illustrated in Figure 1. To measure the depth of the sludge, wrap a long stick with a piece of rough, white toweling and tie it securely. Lower the stick through the inlet tee (to avoid the scum) to the bottom of the tank. Wait about 30 seconds and remove the stick slowly and carefully. Black particles will cling to the towel indicating the depth of the sludge. The sludge should be removed if its depth is equal to one third or more of the liquid depth. Occasionally, a floating scum layer may develop in septic tanks. This scum layer can also cause clogging and should be checked annually. The scum layer thickness can be measured with a stick and hinged flap device (Figure 1). Push the stick through the scum until the hinged flap falls into the horizontal position. Raise the stick until you feel the bottom of the layer. Mark the stick to indicate the depth of the scum layer. Now use the same procedure to locate the lower end of the submerged inlet pipe. If the bottom side of the scum layer is within three inches (7.6 em) of the lower end of the submerged inlet, the septic tank should be pumped. Most communities have contractors who pump septic tanks. It may cost$50 or more, but it is necessary for maintaining the life of the absorption field. The contractors pump the contents into a tank truck and dispose of it at an approved treatment site or by proper land application. Be sure the workman who cleans your tank mixes the liquid, sludge and scum before pumping so that all of the material can be removed, not just the liquid. It is not recommended to wash, scrub or disinfect the septic tank when pumping. Similarly, it is not necessary to leave solids in the septic to start it again. Normally, as the septic tank fills, the natural processes begin. Products to seed the system with desirable bacteria are available, but they are also not necessary