Prognostic Factors for Distress After Genetic Testing for Hereditary Cancer

The psychological impact of an unfavorable genetic test result for counselees at risk for hereditary cancer seems to be limited: only 10-20 % of counselees have psychological problems after testing positive for a known familial mutation. The objective of this study was to find prognostic factors that can predict which counselees are most likely to develop psychological problems after presymptomatic genetic testing. Counselees with a 50 % risk of BRCA1/2 or Lynch syndrome completed questionnaires at three time-points: after receiving a written invitation for a genetic counseling intake (T1), 2-3 days after receiving their DNA test result (T2), and 4-6 weeks later (T3). The psychological impact of the genetic test result was examined shortly and 4-6 weeks after learning their test result. Subsequently, the influence of various potentially prognostic factors on psychological impact were examined in the whole group. Data from 165 counselees were analyzed. Counselees with an unfavorable outcome did not have more emotional distress, but showed significantly more cancer worries 4-6 weeks after learning their test result. Prognostic factors for cancer worries after genetic testing were pre-existing cancer worries, being single, a high risk perception of getting cancer, and an unfavorable test result. Emotional distress was best predicted by pre-existing cancer worries and pre-existing emotional distress. The psychological impact of an unfavorable genetic test result appears considerable if it is measured as "worries about cancer." Genetic counselors should provide additional guidance to counselees with many cancer worries, emotional distress, a high risk perception or a weak social network

Psychosocial problems in cancer genetic counseling: detecting and facilitating communication

Voor een lid van een familie waarin veel kanker voorkomt, kan het proces van erfelijkheidsadvies een mentale belasting vormen. Ongeveer een kwart van de adviesvragers ervaart veel emotionele last, depressieve en/of angstige gevoelens. Een veel grotere groep van adviesvragers, rond de 70%, ervaart problemen die minder algemeen van aard zijn, maar meer specifiek gerelateerd zijn aan erfelijkheid en het proces van erfelijkheidsadvies. Uit eerder onderzoek kwam naar voren dat de communicatie tijdens het proces van erfelijkheidsadvies voornamelijk is gericht op de geschiedenis van kanker in de familie, erfelijkheid en de procedure van het erfelijkheidsonderzoek. Hierdoor worden mogelijke psychosociale problemen van adviesvragers wellicht minder goed herkend. Het gebruik van een vragenlijst, als hulpmiddel, kan de discussie over psychosociale problemen stimuleren, het inzicht van de counselor in ervaren problemen verhogen, en het geven van passende voorlichting bevorderen. In dit proefschrift zijn twee studies beschreven. De eerste studie betrof het ontwikkelen en testen van een vragenlijst met vragen over de specifieke psychosociale problemen die relevant zijn voor erfelijkheidsadviesvragers. De tweede studie betrof een gerandomiseerde studie waarbij werd bestudeerd in hoeverre het gebruik van deze ontwikkelde vragenlijst in de klinische praktijk de communicatie over de psychosociale problemen stimuleerde. Hierbij verwachtten we dat het aanbieden van resultaten van de vragenlijst aan de genetisch counselor zou leiden tot een hoger aantal besproken psychosociale problemen, meer inzicht bij de genetisch counselor in welke problemen de adviesvrager ervaart, een verbeterde behandeling van deze problemen, en uiteindelijk in minder algemene psychosociale last en minder zorgen over kanker

Specific psychosocial issues of individuals undergoing genetic counseling for cancer - a literature review

Approximately 25 % of individuals undergoing genetic counseling for cancer experiences clinically relevant levels of distress, anxiety and/or depression. However, these general psychological outcomes that are used in many studies do not provide detailed information on the specific psychosocial problems experienced by counselees. The aim of this review was to investigate the specific psychosocial issues encountered by individuals undergoing genetic counseling for cancer, and to identify overarching themes across these issues. A literature search was performed, using four electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, CINAHL and Embase). Papers published between January 2000 and January 2013 were selected using combinations, and related indexing terms of the keywords: ‘genetic counseling’, ‘psychology’ and ‘cancer’. In total, 25 articles met our inclusion criteria. We identified the specific issues addressed by these papers, and used meta-ethnography to identify the following six overarching themes: coping with cancer risk, practical issues, family issues, children-related issues, living with cancer, and emotions. A large overlap in the specific issues and themes was found between these studies, suggesting that research on specific psychosocial problems within genetic counseling has reached a point of saturation. As a next step, efforts should be made to detect and monitor these problems of counselees at an early stage within the genetic counseling process

Psychosocial Aspects of Hereditary Cancer (PAHC) questionnaire: development and testing of a screening questionnaire for use in clinical cancer genetics

Background: Up to three-quarters of individuals who undergo cancer genetic counseling and testing report psychosocial problems specifically related to that setting. The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate the screening properties of a questionnaire designed to assess specific psychosocial problems related to cancer genetic counseling. Methods: We adopted the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Group guidelines to develop the Psychosocial Aspects of Hereditary Cancer (PAHC) questionnaire, a 26-item questionnaire organized into six problem domains: genetics, practical issues, family, living with cancer, emotions, and children. The Distress Thermometer and a question per domain on the perceived need for extra psychosocial services were included as well. We administered the questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to 127 counselees at the time of genetic counseling and 3 weeks after DNA test disclosure. As a gold standard to evaluate the screening properties of the questionnaire, participants underwent a semi-structured interview with an experienced social worker who assessed the presence and severity of problems per domain. Results: A cutoff score representing responses of ‘quite a bit’ or ‘very much’ to one or more items within a given problem domain yielded moderate to high sensitivity across domains. A cutoff of 4 on the Distress Thermometer yielded high sensitivity. The questions regarding the perceived need for extra psychosocial services yielded high specificity and negative predictive values. Conclusion: The Psychosocial Aspects of Hereditary Cancer questionnaire in combination with the Distress Thermometer can be used as a first-line screener for psychosocial problems within the cancer genetic counseling setting

Prevalence and detection of psychosocial problems in cancer genetic counseling

Only a minority of individuals who undergo cancer genetic counseling experience heightened levels of psychological distress, but many more experience a range of cancer genetic-specific psychosocial problems. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of such psychosocial problems, and to identify possible demographic and clinical variables associated significantly with them. Consenting individuals scheduled to undergo cancer genetic counseling completed the Psychosocial Aspects of Hereditary Cancer (PAHC) questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Distress Thermometer (DT) prior to or immediately following their counseling session. More than half of the 137 participants reported problems on three or more domains of the PAHC, most often in the domains ‘living with cancer’ (84 %), ‘family issues’ (46 %), ‘hereditary predisposition’ (45 %), and ‘child-related issues’ (42 %). Correlations between the PAHC, the HADS and the DT were low. Previous contact with a psychosocial worker, and having a personal history of cancer were associated significantly with HADS scores, but explained little variance (9 %). No background variables were associated significantly with the DT. Previous contact with a psychosocial worker, and having children were significantly associated with several PAHC domains, again explaining only a small percentage of the variance (2-14 %). The majority of counselees experience specific cancer genetic counseling-related psychosocial problems. Only a few background variables are associated significantly with distress or psychosocial problems. Thus we recommend using the PAHC or a similar problem-oriented questionnaire routinely in cancer genetic counseling to identify individuals with such problems