Emerging Materials, Wearables, and Diagnostic Advancements in Therapeutic Treatment of Brain Diseases

Among the most critical health issues, brain illnesses, such as neurodegenerative conditions and tumors, lower quality of life and have a significant economic impact. Implantable technology and nano-drug carriers have enormous promise for cerebral brain activity sensing and regulated therapeutic application in the treatment and detection of brain illnesses. Flexible materials are chosen for implantable devices because they help reduce biomechanical mismatch between the implanted device and brain tissue. Additionally, implanted biodegradable devices might lessen any autoimmune negative effects. The onerous subsequent operation for removing the implanted device is further lessened with biodegradability. This review expands on current developments in diagnostic technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, angiography, and electroencephalogram while providing an overview of prevalent brain diseases. As far as we are aware, there hasn’t been a single review article that addresses all the prevalent brain illnesses. The reviewer also looks into the prospects for the future and offers suggestions for the direction of future developments in the treatment of brain diseases

Pharmacology of caffeine and its effects on the human body

Caffeine is the world's most popular stimulant and psychoactive substance. Given the ubiquitous use of caffeine, it is crucial for us to comprehend how our body interacts with caffeine. The pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its action mechanisms have been reviewed in this paper. The safety and recommended dosage of caffeine in healthy adults and vulnerable populations like children and pregnant women are also discussed in this paper. While caffeine consumption is generally safe, this review paper also examines the potential effects that caffeine could have on human health and development. Studies indicated that caffeine exhibits neuroprotective properties, potentially serving as a preventive measure against the onset of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The article also explores various physiological effects of caffeine on the body, in addition to investigating novel drug delivery techniques, particularly nano-delivery systems designed to efficiently administer caffeine

Electrospun Micro/Nanofiber with Various Structures and Functions for Wearable Physical Sensors

10.1080/15583724.2022.2158467Polymer Reviews633715-76

Flexible Textile-Based Sweat Sensors for Wearable Applications

The current physical health care system has gradually evolved into a form of virtual hospitals communicating with sensors, which can not only save time but can also diagnose a patient’s physical condition in real time. Textile-based wearable sensors have recently been identified as detection platforms with high potential. They are developed for the real-time noninvasive detection of human physiological information to comprehensively analyze the health status of the human body. Sweat comprises various chemical compositions, which can be used as biomarkers to reflect the relevant information of the human physiology, thus providing references for health conditions. Combined together, textile-based sweat sensors are more flexible and comfortable than other conventional sensors, making them easily integrated into the wearable field. In this short review, the research progress of textile-based flexible sweat sensors was reviewed. Three mechanisms commonly used for textile-based sweat sensors were firstly contrasted with an introduction to their materials and preparation processes. The components of textile-based sweat sensors, which mainly consist of a sweat transportation channel and collector, a signal-selection unit, sensing elements and sensor integration and communication technologies, were reviewed. The applications of textile-based sweat sensors with different mechanisms were also presented. Finally, the existing problems and challenges of sweat sensors were summarized, which may contribute to promote their further development

Intelligent polymers, fibers and applications

10.3390/polym13091427Polymers139142

Recent Advancement in Biofluid-Based Glucose Sensors Using Invasive, Minimally Invasive, and Non-Invasive Technologies: A Review

Biosensors have potentially revolutionized the biomedical field. Their portability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation have made the market for these biosensors to grow rapidly. Diabetes mellitus is the condition of having high glucose content in the body, and it has become one of the very common conditions that is leading to deaths worldwide. Although it still has no cure or prevention, if monitored and treated with appropriate medication, the complications can be hindered and mitigated. Glucose content in the body can be detected using various biological fluids, namely blood, sweat, urine, interstitial fluids, tears, breath, and saliva. In the past decade, there has been an influx of potential biosensor technologies for continuous glucose level estimation. This literature review provides a comprehensive update on the recent advances in the field of biofluid-based sensors for glucose level detection in terms of methods, methodology and materials used

A review on electrospun nanofibers based advanced applications: From health care to energy devices

10.3390/polym13213746Polymers1321374

Sputter grown CuO thin films: Impact of growth pressure and annealing temperature on their microstructural architectures

High-quality copper oxide (CuO) thin films were deposited on the silicon (Si) substrate at the room temperature using the physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique named radio frequency (RF) sputtering. The copper-oxide thin-films were single crystalline and of uniform thickness. Subsequently, the influence of growth pressure (low gas pressure - 3 mTorr and high gas pressure - 100 mTorr) and post growth annealing at different temperatures (300 °C to 700 °C) were investigated to understand the microstructural and morphological changes of the thin film. With the influence of growth pressure and post thermal annealing temperature, significant changes in crystallinity, surface roughness, and surface oxidation rate of the CuO thin film were detected, which were adequately analyzed via several characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed the phase formation with good crystallinity of the film, which is substantiated by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images disclosed that the surface roughness of the film and grain size. By gaining insights into the structural and surface properties of CuO/Si thin films, this research presents new prospects for tuning of CuO phases, structures, and compositions for multifunctional applications

Emerging trends in cooling technologies for photovoltaic systems

Photovoltaic systems (PV), particularly solar photovoltaics, are gaining popularity as renewable energy sources. The rapid deployment of PV systems has attracted substantial investments, with around 170 billion dollars projected by 2025. However, challenges like dust accumulation, solar radiation, and temperature rise hinder PV efficiency. Elevated temperatures, exceeding standard levels, notably decrease voltage output and overall electricity generation efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent cooling techniques adopted to enhance solar PV performance. Beginning with an introduction to global warming's impact and renewable energy's significance, the article explores cooling methodologies for solar PVs. These encompass Absorption & adsorption-based, PV/T hybrid, Microtechnology-based, and Water and air-based cooling systems. The review concludes this section with a detailed table comparing cooling technologies' performance, benefits, and challenges. The review then delves into four primary cooling techniques: Active cooling, Passive cooling, Nanofluid-based cooling, and Thermoelectric cooling. Passive cooling, which effectively reduces PV system temperature without external energy sources, is highlighted. Modalities of Passive cooling methods, such as Radiative cooling, Evaporative cooling, Liquid immersions, and Material coatings, are elaborated. Concluding, the article addresses challenges, opportunities, and future prospects related to diverse cooling techniques' utilisation, aiming to elevate solar PV system efficiency