Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Methanol Extract of Teucrium montanum

This study was designed to examine the chemical composition of essential oil and the in vitro antimicrobial activities of essential oil and methanol extract of Teucrium montanum. The inhibitory effects of essential oil and methanol extracts of T. montanum were tested against 13 bacterial and three fungal species by using disc-diffusion method. GC/MS analyses revealed that essential oil contains mainly δ-cadinene (17.19%), β-selinene (8.16%) α-calacorene (4.97%), 1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene (4.91%), caryophyllene (4.35%), copaene (4.23%), torreyol (3.91%), 4-terpineol (3.90%), cadina-1,4-diene (3.39%), β-sesquiphellandrene (3.34%), τ-cadinol (3.12%) and γ-curcumene (3.18%). The essential oil has antibacterial as well as antifungal effect

Metode ekstrakcije imazetapira iz zemljišta i prečišćavanje ekstrakcijom u čvrstoj fazi

The aim of this work was to optimize the determination methods of imazethapyr residues in soil using HPLC with DAD and C 18 (Hypersil ODS, 5 ìm, 2.0 x 250 mm) columns and to find the most appropiate solvent for imazethapyr extraction as well as the most suitable SPE cartridges for extract purification. For soil extract purification we decided to use SPE Amino/Carbon, C 18 and SDB-1 cartridges. On the basis of the perfomed chromatography method for optimising imazethapyr determination in soil it was found that the most appropiate method for determining imazethapyr residues in soil is the extraction method with Na2CO3 solution, followed by cleaning up on SPE SDB-1 catridge and elution with ACN and water.Ovim istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno iznalaženje optimalnih eksperimentalnih uslova za određivanje ostataka imazetapira u zemljištu, korišćenjem tečne hromatografije sa DAD detektorom i uz primenu C18 (Hypersil ODS, 5 μm, 2.0 x 250 mm) kolone, uz iznalaženje najpogodnijeg rastvarača za ekstrakciju i najpogodnije kolone za ekstrakciju u čvrstoj fazi (SPE) za prečišćavanje dobijenog ekstrakta. Pri prečišćavanju ekstrakta zemlje korišćene su aminokarbon, C18 i SDB-1 SPE kolone. Na osnovu izvršene optimizacije hromatografske metode određivanja ostataka imazetapira u zemljištu utvrđeno je da je najpogodniji postupak metoda ekstrakcije rastvorom Na2CO3, prečišćavanjem preko SPE SDB-1 kolone i eluiranje mešavinom acetonitrila (ACN) i vode (75:25 v/v)

Primena fungicida u zaštiti višnje od prouzrokovača pegavosti lista (Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx.)

The export-oriented fruit production of sour cherry takes an important place in our country. The production of sour cherry is a promising and number of trees increases from year to year. Cherry leaf spot Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx. is an economically significant pathogen of all varieties of sour cherry which can be find in our country. Harmful effects of this pathogen is reflected in the early defoliation, which has an impact on the reduction of yield and fruit quality. The aim of the research is to examine the efficiency of preparations based on dodine, dithianon and mancozeb in control B. jaapii in the cherry orchard in the locality Dimitrovgrad. The applied fungicides have demonstrated high efficiency in the protection of sour cherry from B. jaapii.U izvozno orijentisanoj voćarskoj proizvodnji, višnja zauzima značajno mesto u našoj zemlji. Proizvodnja višnje je perspektivna i broj stabala se uvećava iz godine u godinu. Pegavost lista višnje Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx. predstavlja ekonomski značajnog patogena svih sorti višnje zastupljenih u našoj zemlji. Štetnost patogena se ogleda u ranoj defolijaciji, što ima uticaja na smanjenje prinosa i kvalitet ploda. Cilj istraživanja je ispitivanje efikasnosti preparata na bazi dodina, ditianona i mankozeba u suzbijanju B. jaapii u zasadu višnje u lokalitetu Dimitrovgrad. Primenjeni fungicidi su ispoljili visoku efikasnost u zaštiti višnje od B. jaapii

Kukuruzni plamenac, Ostrinia Nubilalis hbn. (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) kao štetočina

European Corn Borer is a corn pest worldwide, present with different number of generation and races. The economic level of looses vary from 0-100 %. Apperance, harmffulness and voltinism are consequences of vegatation, agrometerological conditions, cultivars and technology. In Europe and north America are detected Z, E and H strain of pest. As a rule all strains are present in corn field. Exception is France, where is Z strain present in corn, and E strain in hop and mugwort. The presence of different pheromone isomer is the base of strain differentiation.Kukuruzov plamenac je štetočina kukuruza prisutna sa različitim brojem generacija i tipova. Nivo ekonomskih gubitaka u godišnjoj proizvodnji varira od 0-100 %. Pojava, štetnost i voltinizam posledica su uticaja vegetacije, agrometeoroloških uslova, sortimenta i tehnologije gajenja. Na evropskom i severoameričkom prostoru utvrđeno je prisustvo Z, E i H tipa štetočine. Uglavnom su ovi tipovi prisutni u usevu kukuruza. Izuzetak je Francuska gde je Z tip identifikovan u kukuruzu, a E tip na hmelju i crnom pelinu. Razdvojenost na tipove uslovljena je prisustvom feromona i njihovom funkcionalnom praktičnom upotrebom u privlačenju mužjaka

biofungicidi

Agricultural production in developed countries undergoes various changes, some of which take place at consumers’ request, while others are of ethical importance. This is especially true of plant protection. A global demand for reducing the use of chemical pesticides, which are regarded as harmful to the consumer, induce the developement of new, less harmful and sustainable strategies of plant protection. Many chemical pesticides have been excluded from further use (e.g. organochlorine insecticides, methyl bromide) due to their potential risk to human health, the environment and non-target organisms, or developement of resistance of harmful organisms to those substances. A need for developing alternative protection systems in the future is beyond doubt and they should be implemented either as an addition or a substitute for conventional pesticides. Well-considered use of biological products in combination with other protection measures would meet the requirements for producing sanitary and health-safe agricultural products, and food in general. In the paper, we discuss the modes of action, formulation types and applicability of different biological fungicides, and list them individually with their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the production and application risks associated with biological products.Poljoprivredna proizvodnja u razvijenim zemljama podleže raznim promenama, neke su posledica zahteva potrošača a neke su etičkog značaja. Ovo se posebno odnosi na zaštitu bilja. Globalni zahtevi za smanjenje upotrebe pesticida hemijske prirode koji se smatraju štetnim za potrošača uslovljavaju razvoj novih, manje opasnih, održivih strategija u zaštiti bilja. Veliki broj hemijskih pesticida je isključen iz upotrebe (organohlorni insekticidi, metil- bromid), ili zbog potencijalnog rizika po ljudsko zdravlje, zagađenja životne sredine, efekata na neciljane organizme, ili razvoja rezistentnosti kod štetnih organizama na pomenuta jedinjenja. Nema sumnje da postoji potreba za razvojem alternativnih sistema zaštite u budućnosti i da se oni moraju implementirati kao dopuna ili zamena konvencionalnoj primeni pesticida. Osmišljena primena biopreparata u kombinaciji sa drugim merama zaštite, zadovoljila bi zahteve za proizvodnju higijenski ispravnih i zdravstveno bezbednih poljoprivrednih proizvoda i hrane uopšte. U radu su prikazani mehanizmi delovanja, oblici formulacija bioloških fungicida i mogućnosti primene, pregled biofungicida, zatim prednosti i nedostaci, kao i rizici pri proizvodnji i primeni bioloških preparata

Intezivna pojava žute rđe pšenice (Puccinia Striiformis Westend ) na području grada Bihaća

Wheat rust (Puccinia striiformis) is the most important plant disease which we encounter for many years. Development of yellow rust on wheat depends on the weather conditions, primarily on increased rainfall and lower temperatures. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the connection between climate changes with the emergence of specific diseases such as rust of wheat, which intensively occurs in areas with colder climate. This paper deals with the occurrence of rust on wheat for three consecutive years: 2014, 2015 and 2016 on the varieties of wheat that are commonly used in the Una Sana Canton, a types Bosanka and Novosadska S 40. The highest level of disease was observed in 2014 on the mentioned varieties. During 2015 there has not been occurrence of rust on wheat, whereas in 2016 on the wheat variet Bosanka occurrence of rust was observed again, less pronounced than it was in 2014.Rđa pšenice (Puccinia striiformis) je značajno oboljenje sa kojim se susrećemo duži niz godina. Razvoj žute rđe na pšenici ovisi o vremenskim uvetima, prvenstveno o povećanoj količini padavina i nižim temperaturama. Cilj ovog rada bio je dokazivanje povezanosti klimatskih promena sa pojavom specifičnih bolesti kao što je rđa pšenice koja se intenzivnije javlja u područjima sa hladnijim klimatom. U ovom radu praćena je pojava rđe na pšenici tokom tri uzastopne godine: 2014., 2015. i 2016. na sortama pšenice koje se najčešće koriste na području Unsko sanskog kantona, Bosanka i NS 40S. Najveći intenzitet bolesti primećen je tokom 2014. godine na pomenutim sortama. Tokom 2015. godine nije došlo do pojave rđe na pšenici dok je 2016. godine na sorti pšenice Bosanka ponovo primećena pojava rđe manjeg intenziteta nego što je to bilo 2014. godine

The Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of gamma-Butyrolactone Derivatives

ChemistryPublishe

Insekticidni efekat mešavina insekticida, fungicida, kompleksnog đubriva i okvašivača zavisno od tvrdoće vode

Simultaneous occurrence of different harmful species in agricultural practice necessitates that different plant protection chemicals be applied at the same time (tank mix). Mix components differ in purpose, mode of action and/or formulation, while addition of nonpesticide components (complex fertilizers, adjuvants and wetting agents) is widely practiced today. However, data concerning the effects of water quality used for preparation of working liquids on the biological effects of pesticides is still scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine insecticidal effects as depending on components used in mixes and water hardness. The effects of mixtures of thiametoxam (Actara 25-WG 0,07kg/ha) with azoxystrobin (Quadris 0.75 l/ha), mancozeb (Dithane M-70 2.5 kg/ha), a complex fertilizer (Mortonijc plus 3 kg/ha) and a wetting agent (Silwet L-77), depending on the components and water hardness (slightly hard (15.4 d°) - tap water from Novi Sad, and very hard (34.7 d°) - well water from Adica, a Novi Sad suburb), were determined in a bioassay based on adult mortality rate of the first generation of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). The mixtures were applied by a flooding method. The trial was set up to include four replications. Insecticidal effects were determined 24 h and 48 h after exposure. Thiametoxam effectiveness 24 h and 48 h after application in slightly hard water was 100% when the insecticide was applied alone and in double and triple mixes with the fungicides, complex fertilizer and wetting agent, showing no dependency on mix components. The tested adult population of Colorado potato beetle demonstrated high susceptibility to thiametoxam, while the other components had no impact in slightly hard water. In very hard water, 24 h after application, the insecticidal effect had the same level of significance to thiametoxam in double and triple mixes, with an exception of thiametoxam+mancozeb+Mortonijc plus and thiametoxam+mancozeb+wetting agent combinations, which showed significantly lower efficacy. After 48 h, substantially lower effectiveness, in comparison with the sole insecticide and other combinations, was only observed in thiametoksam+mancozeb+Mortonjic plus combination. Significantly lower efficacy of that combination is probably due to an incompatibility of the macozeb preparation and the complex fertilizer containing boron (B), which was evidenced only in very hard water.Pojava različitih štetnih vrsta u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji u isto vreme, uslovljava istovremenu primenu više sredstava za zaštitu bilja (tank-miks). Komponente u smeši su različite po nameni, delovanju i/ili obliku formulacija, međutim aktuelno je i dodavanje nepesticidnih komponenata (kompleksna đubriva, ađuvanti, okvašivači), ali malo je podataka o uticaju kvaliteta vode za pripremu radnih tečnosti na biološke efekte pesticida. Otuda je cilj rada bio da se odredi insekticidni efekat, zavisno od komponenti u smeši i tvrdoće vode. Efekti mešavina tiametoksama (Actara 25-WG 0,07 kg/ha) sa azoksistrobinom (Quadris 0,75 l/ha), mankozebom (Dithane M-70 2,5 kg/ha), kompleksnim đubrivom (Mortonijc plus 3 kg/ha) i okvašivačem (Silwet L-77), zavisno od komponenti i tvrdoće vode (slabo tvrda/15,4 do/ – česmenska voda iz Novog Sada i jako tvrda /34,7 do/ – bunarska voda iz Adica), određeni su biotestom preko smrtnosti imaga prve generacije krompirove zlatice (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.). Mešavine su primenjene metodom potapanja. Ogled je postavljen u četiri ponavljanja. Insekticidni efekat je određen posle 24 i 48h ekspozicije. Efikasnost tiametoksama posle 24 i 48h od primene u slabo tvrdoj vodi, iznosila je 100%, kako pojedinačno primenjenog, tako i u dvojnim i trojnim mešavinama sa fungicidima, komleksnim đubrivom i okvašivačem nezavisno od komponenti u smeši. Ispitivana populacija imaga krompirove zlatice ispoljila je visoku osetljivost prema tiametoksamu, a druge komponente nisu uticale na promenu posle primene u slabo tvrdoj vodi. U jako tvrdoj vodi, posle 24h od primene, insekticidni efekat na istom nivou značajnosti sa tiametoksamom, registrovan je i kod dvojnih i trojnih mešavina, izuzimajući smeše tiametoksam+mankozeb+Mortonijc plus i tiametoksam+mankozeb+okvašivač, gde je efikasnost bila značajno niža. Posle 48h, značajno niža efikasnost u odnosu na sam insekticid i ostale mešavine evidentirana je samo kod mešavine tiametoksam+mankozeb+Mortonijc plus. Značajno smanjena efikasnost pomenute mešavine je verovatno posledica inkompatibilnosti preparata na bazi mankozeba i kompleksnog đubriva koje sadrži bor (B), a ispoljena je samo u jako tvrdoj vodi

Vrednosti pH mešavina fungicida, insekticida i kompleksnih đubriva, zavisno od kvaliteta vode

The paper deals with the effect of water quality on the pH value of fungicides, insecticides, mineral fertilizers and their mixtures. The fungicides propineb (Antracol WP-70) and mancozeb (Dithane M-70), insecticides pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic-50) and imidacloprid (Confidor 200-SL), several fertilizers (Ferticare I, Ferticare II, Ferticare III and Wuxal Super) and their mixtures were analyzed for pH value under laboratory conditions using a potentiometric pH meter. Measurements were made directly after preparation or mixing with tap and well water and 24 hours later. Tap water exhibited a neutral reaction. A slightly alkaline reaction of well water was most likely due to high ammonium content. The suspensions of Antracol WP-70 exhibited slightly alkaline reactions with both water types during 24 hours. The spray liquids of Dithane M-70 mixed with tap or well water had neutral reaction after preparation and slightly alkaline reaction after 24 hours. The emulsions of Actellic-50 showed neutral reaction with both water types, followed by a pH increase in tap water after 24 hours. The solutions of Confidor 200-SL had a slightly alkaline reaction after mixing and the pH value increased with both water types after 24 hours. It is therefore recommended to apply these insecticides directly after preparation. Mineral fertilizers considerably reduced pH values of the fungicide and insecticide components in double and triple mixtures, especially Ferticare nutrients which had a moderately acid reaction. Wuxal Super had a neutral reaction with both water types. The mixtures with well water increased pH values, which indicates that water pH does affect the pH value of the mixture. Both individual fertilizers and all mixtures (double and triple) with Ferticare had pH values between 2.4 and 6, which allows their active liquids to be stored for 12 to 24 hours. The suspensions (Antracol WP-70, double and triple mixtures), emulsions (Actellic-50 and Actellic-50+Wuxal Super) and solutions (Confidor 200-SL, Wuxal Super and Confidor 200-SL+Wuxal Super) had pH values between 6.7 and 7.9; therefore, the optimum time of their application, especially in case of the mixtures with well water, is immediately after preparation. The suspensions of Dithane M-70 with the insecticides and Ferticare III showed moderately acid reactions with tap water and slightly acid reactions with well water. Since both individual components and their mixtures showed slightly higher pH values with well water than with tap water, it was an indication that water pH may affect the pH value of active liquids.U radu su prikazane vrednosti pH fungicida, insekticida, kompleksnih đubriva i njihovih mešavina, zavisno od kvaliteta vode. U laboratorijskim uslovima određene su vrednosti pH fungicida propineb (Antracol WP-70) i mankozeb (Dithane M-70), insekticida pirimifos-metil (Actelic-50) i imidakloprid (Confidor 200-SL), kompleksnih đubriva (Ferticare I, Ferticare II i Ferticare III i Wuxal super) i njihovih mešavina, i to odmah po pripremi ili mešanju i posle 24 časa u česmenskoj i bunarskoj vodi. Česmenska voda je ispoljila neutralnu reakciju, a bunarska slabo alkalnu. Suspenzija Antracol WP-70 je ispoljila slabo alkalnu reakciju u obe vode tokom 24 h. Radna tečnost Dithane M-70 je neutralne reakcije u obe vode posle spravljanja, dok je slabo alkalne posle 24 h. Emulzija Actellic-50 je neutralne reakcije u obe vode, uz porast pH u česmenskoj tokom 24 h, a rastvor Confidor 200-SL je slabo alkalne reakcije sa porastom vrednosti pH do 24 h u obe vode, što uslovljava primenu ovih insekticida odmah po pripremi. Kompleksna đubriva su znatno uticala na smanjenje vrednosti pH fungicidne i insekticidne komponente u dvojnim i trojnim smešama, a posebno đubriva Ferticare koja su umereno kisele reakcije. Wuxal super je ispoljio neutralnu reakciju u obe vode. Vrednosti pH smeša su veće u bunarskoj vodi, što ukazuje da pH vode utiče na pH smeše. Kako pojedinačna đubriva, tako i sve mešavine (dvojne i trojne) sa komponentom Ferticare su pH vrednosti od 2,4 do 6, što dozvoljava čuvanje radne tečnosti 12 do 24 h. U suspenzijama (Antracol WP-70, dvojne i trojne mešavine), emulzijama (Actellic-50 i Actellic-50+Wuxal super) i rastvorima (Confidor 200- SL, Wuxal super i Confidor 200-SL+Wuxal super) reakcije sredine su neutralne ili slabo alkalne, zavisno od komponenti, odnosno vrednost pH se kretala od 6,7 do 7,9, pa bi optimalno vreme primene pomenutih smeša, naročito u bunarskoj vodi bilo odmah po mešanju odnosno pripremi. Suspenzija Dithane M-70 sa insekticidima i Ferticare III je u česmenskoj vodi umereno kisele a u bunarskoj slabo kisele reakcije. Kako pojedinačne komponente tako i smeše su pokazale, iako neznatno, veće pH vrednosti u bunarskoj u odnosu na česmensku vodu, što ukazuje da pH vode može uticati na pH radnih tečnosti

Studies on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oils and alcoholic extracts of Gentiana asclepiadea L.

The present paper describes the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils, methanolic and n-butanolic extracts of the Gentiana asclepiadea L., collected in Serbia. The essential oils were obtained from underground parts (root and rhizome) and aerial parts (stem, leaves and flowers) of the plant by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The major compounds in the oil from underground part were caryophyllene oxide (7.32%), -damascenone (6.98%) and -ionone (2.79%). The main constituents identified in the aerial part oil of G. asclepiadea were toluene (3.79%), tetradecanoic acid (3.37%), linalool (3.17%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.97%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils and plant extracts against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi was studied by minimum inhibitory concentration procedures. Klebsiella pneumoniae was very sensitive against oil from roots with MIC of 0.62 µl/ml, while the oil from aerial part exhibited maximum activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Candida albicans with MIC values of 2.5 µl/ml. The methanolic extract of aerial part showed antimicrobial activities on all microorganisms tested at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1600 µg/ml while the n-butanolic fraction of methanolic extract of underground part was found to be less effective (MIC values: 312.5 to 2500 µg/ml).Publishe