Towards 3D and 4D Cadastre in Croatia

Cadastral systems need to be designed and supported from three dimensional spatial perspectives. Previous researches of Croatian 3D cadastre through relevant use case examples suggest better real property separate parts registration as well as 3D building visualization (apartments, office spaces, etc.). Next to the 3D aspects of rights and restrictions, the temporal aspect, the fourth dimension of interests in real property, is an important aspect of cadastral registration. History of changes on the cadastral parcels is subject of interest for key users, mostly parties. For this purpose, Croatian Land Administration System was adapted to become a four-dimensional (4D cadastre). In the land book and cadastre all changes since their inception are recorded with the time component and date of the change. Previous researches have shown that Land Administration Domain Model (ISO 19152) is good basis for the Croatian 3D cadastre. This paper discussed that legal and institutional aspects of Croatian 3D cadastre should be considered in 3D cadastre development for each jurisdiction. Legal support to register and represent 3D properties (legal aspect), institutional support to establish relationships between involved parties (institutional aspect), and technical support to realise 3D cadastre (technical aspect) are basis for 3D cadastre development. This paper presents some 4D cadastre situations in Croatia. Goals of the new Law on Cadastre and State Survey are legal regulation of 3D cadastre, as well as the central repository establishment of Utility cadastre under the authority of the State Geodetic Administration. This paper also suggests better public utility infrastructure registration by overlapping Land cadastre and Utility cadastre and unifying records at the state level, because Utility cadastre in local government despite statutory obligation from 1999 was not developed in the past 15 years

LADM in the Republic of Croatia – Making and Testing Country Profile

Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) covers basic information related to components of land administration (including elements above and below the earth surface and including water areas). It includes agreements on data about administrative and spatial units, land rights in a broad sense and source documents. The rights may include real and personal rights, informal rights as well as indigenous, customary rights. All types of restrictions and responsibilities can be represented. Overlapping claims to land may be included. Cadastral and land books data play important role in many fields directly or indirectly associated with their use (land surveying, civil engineering, architecture and urban planning, agronomy, transport, forestry, tourism, etc.). So far, similarities and differences between the existing Croatian land administration system and LADM have been investigated. Objective of this paper is to determine compatibility between Land Administration Domain Model and Croatian Land Administration System. Compatibility is determined with following questions: – What are users’ requirements for the Croatian land administration system? – Which LADM classes can be applied directly to the Croatian land administration system? – Which LADM classes have to be modified to be suitable for the Croatian land administration system? – How to design a land information system for the Croatian land administration system complying with LADM? This paper gives answers to the previous questions. LADM country profile Croatia has been developed and key requirements, concepts, and functionalities of Croatian Land Administration System (LAS) have been identified. Conceptual Croatian LAS model comprising the LADM framework have been elaborated. This paper proposes two new classes for the model (HR_OldCadastralSurvey and HR_LegalityOfTheBuilding). Some types in the code lists have been changed and added to suit to the Croatian LAS

Current Situation and Prospect of 3D Cadastre in Croatia

This paper describes method of registering real property and parts of real property (apartments, etc.) in the cadastre and land books. Approach to registering particular structures and corresponding rights is delineated based on existing legislation. For example, tunnels, bridges and other 3D cadastre relevant structures are considered. Bylaw on Utility Cadastre regulates registration of public utility lines in Croatia. The paper portrays development of the utility cadastre and depicts current maintenance and management. The utility cadastre contains data about the type, purpose, basic technical features, and location of built utility lines, and lists the names and addresses of their managers. The following topics are covered: key 3D real world situations, infrastructural and utility networks, buildings, X/Y coordinates and Z coordinates. Legislation regulating that bodies of local government must establish and manage the utility cadastre was passed already in 1999, but few of these bodies assumed this responsibility since. Future development of Croatian 3D cadastre is proposed based on current situation and demand for establishing the 3D cadastre

Topographic Signs - Important Context for a 3D Cadastre

Utilities, buildings and infrastructure digital representations are very important set of spatial data for quality and sustainable spatial management and development of community in general. Many countries are on the way of the establishment of the 3D cadastre. Existing 2D cadastral systems are able to make gradual transition to 3D cadastre, but for the implementation of real 3D cadastre in many countries it is necessary to change the regulations. A topographic sign or topographic symbol is representation of a topographic object on map. In combination with other geodetic and cartographic products we can get to very useful information, often quite relevant in order to provide reference context for a 3D cadastre. Topographic signs on topographic maps and on other geodetic products give a representation of complex real-world situations that are not usually drawn in the cadastral maps. The real world, physical, objects as included on topographic maps, prove the context/ reference for the legal spaces. This is true for both the 2D, but perhaps even more for the 3D case. Performing an overlay, if needed after proper orientation, it is easy to combine geodetic and cartographic products in today’s digital environment. Special attention is needed for the tunnels, overpasses, underpasses, bridges and other objects to be registered in 3D cadastre because their 2D cadastral description does not meet the needs of modern society. In case of 3D topographic data (e.g. 3D CityGML model), then it would also well possible to implement this into 3D cadastre and combine 3D legal spaces with the 3D real world items from the 3D topographical model. However, this combination/integration is usually not feasible with the cadastral plans (survey plans, field sketches) as those are not draws to scale (in both 2D and 3D)

Topographic Signs - Important Context for a 3D Cadastre

Utilities, buildings and infrastructure digital representations are very important set of spatial data for quality and sustainable spatial management and development of community in general. Many countries are on the way of the establishment of the 3D cadastre. Existing 2D cadastral systems are able to make gradual transition to 3D cadastre, but for the implementation of real 3D cadastre in many countries it is necessary to change the regulations. A topographic sign or topographic symbol is representation of a topographic object on map. In combination with other geodetic and cartographic products we can get to very useful information, often quite relevant in order to provide reference context for a 3D cadastre. Topographic signs on topographic maps and on other geodetic products give a representation of complex real-world situations that are not usually drawn in the cadastral maps. The real world, physical, objects as included on topographic maps, prove the context/ reference for the legal spaces. This is true for both the 2D, but perhaps even more for the 3D case. Performing an overlay, if needed after proper orientation, it is easy to combine geodetic and cartographic products in today’s digital environment. Special attention is needed for the tunnels, overpasses, underpasses, bridges and other objects to be registered in 3D cadastre because their 2D cadastral description does not meet the needs of modern society. In case of 3D topographic data (e.g. 3D CityGML model), then it would also well possible to implement this into 3D cadastre and combine 3D legal spaces with the 3D real world items from the 3D topographical model. However, this combination/integration is usually not feasible with the cadastral plans (survey plans, field sketches) as those are not draws to scale (in both 2D and 3D)

Overview of Legal and Institutional Aspects of Croatian Cadastre and Possibilities for its Upgrading to 3D

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, exploitation of mineral resources, environmental protection, issuing concessions and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory, and especially the regulations regarding the registration of buildings with several separate parts (flats, apartments, offices etc.). Current overview of the legislation, method and scope of cadastral data collection is given. Effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land book are considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional and some technical solutions implemented in Croatian Land Administration System and possibilities for upgrade to 3D cadastre. Implementation of any technological option for establishment of 3D cadastre is tightly related to legislation. Hence, it is needed to consider legislation and technological options in order to find solution which will be possible to implement

Revision of Croatian LADM profile according to the new regulations in surveying profession

The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) provides a conceptual model for modelling of Land Administration Systems (LAS). Since its publication in 2012, a wide range of scientists and practitioners have shown interest to work on it and use it. These activities by many stakeholders resulted in recognized need for the revision of LADM. LADM Edition II has wider scope and includes additional domains such as land valuation, marine spaces and spatial plan information and introduces the modular structure in order to make it simpler and not to mix different domains in the same model. Since the first version of Croatian LADM profile in 2013 many changes occurred in the Croatian LAS. In this paper we describe these changes and provide a proposal of revised Croatian LADM profile. While creating the revised model we focused on the Fundamental and Land Registration parts of LADM Edition II

Registration of apartments and office spaces in 3D land administration: A case study in Croatia

Due to the needs of modern society, cadastral systems should be designed to support three dimensional (3D) spatial data. One of many possible approaches for implementing a 3D cadastre, in countries such as Croatia, is to establish a Building Register as a transitional register between 2D and 3D cadastres, where data about buildings and infrastructure would be collected, gradually adapted to the data model of 3D cadastre, and finally migrated to the 3D cadastre database. Sources for establishing the Building Register can be based on the records of state surveys, the register of administrative units, the land book, data managed by local and regional self-government units, data from construction documentation according to special regulations in the field of spatial planning, data managed by the building and infrastructure managers, as well as from other sources. A significant element of the 3D cadastre would be the inclusion of representations of buildings and units of use, as well as public utility infrastructure and complex spatial real-life entities (e.g., bridges, tunnels, overpasses, underpasses, overlapping of constructed objects with natural facilities, large shopping malls with more underground and overhead floors etc.). This paper presents a conceptual model of a 3D cadastre in Croatia by establishing the Building Register with focus on unit of use of real properties, namely apartments and office spaces. The paper also summarizes the current situation regarding the Croatian Land Administration System (LAS) and proposes a conceptual model for modelling unit of use of real properties. Additionally, a proposal is made herein to assign unique identifiers to buildings and their parts in a logical manner which would be intuitive and clear to citizens of Croatia, citizens of European Union and citizens of Croatia neighboring countries. The proposed methodology of determining unique identifiers could provide the means for easier navigation in 3D space and better understanding of spatial information by lay citizens, by institutions or emergency services.Digital Technologie

Overview of the Croatian Land Administration System and the possibilities for its upgrade to 3D by existing data

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory. The effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land register were considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional, and technical solutions implemented in the Croatian Land Administration System and the possibilities for its upgrade to 3D cadastre. Implementation of any technological option to establish a 3D cadastre is tightly related to legislation. Hence, legislation and technological options are considered to find solutions that will be possible to implement. One suggestion presented in this paper was to use other sources of 3D data such as topographic signs or symbols used to represent topographic objects on 2D maps. In combination with other geodetic and cartographic products, useful information can be obtained, often quite relevant to provide a reference context for a 3D cadastre. Topographic signs on topographic maps and on other geodetic products provide a representation of complex real-world situations (tunnels, bridges, overpasses etc.) that are not usually presented on cadastral maps. This paper presents the possibility of utilizing those topographic signs to achieve the first steps towards establishing a 3D cadastre. Furthermore, this study proposes the establishment of a 3D Multipurpose Land Administration System as the most efficient system of land administration in a time when spatial information is easier to obtain than ever before and traditional real estate registers are subject to frequent and demanding changes.OLD Department of GIS Technolog

Lessons learned from the Creation of the LADM based Country Profiles

A roadmap (consisting of six stages) to adopt the LADM in the cadastral information system has been provided in Kalantari et al (2015). Referring to this six-stage roadmap for LADM implementation, the paper focuses mainly on the stage 4 Data Organization, i.e. how different data entities are linked to each other. The LADM is regarded as a conceptual model that enforces certain relationships between the entities. On principle, there are three main ways in which the LADM based country profile can be developed: (1) to use LADM classes, attributes, code lists and relationships between classes “as is”, (2) to show an inherited structure between the LADM and the existing cadastral model, or (3) to show a mapping of elements between LADM and the existing cadastral model. The last two approaches will be probably used in countries with well-functioning cadastral information system. In this way the LADM based country profiles have also been created for Croatia (Vučić et al, 2015), Czech Republic (Janečka and Souček, 2017), Poland (Bydłosz, 2015), and Serbia (Radulović et al, 2017). Basically, the profiles for these four European countries have been proposed in academia. It means, that an initial activity for creation of the LADM based country profile didn’t come from the body or agency responsible for the cadastre (e.g. national mapping agency), but from academia. This activity could be seen as an irreplaceable role of the academia, to demonstrate the usefulness of the 3D cadastre and be a partner for government organizations. The paper explores the issues met during the preparation of the LADM based country profiles for these four countries when the “need” for LADM based country profile came from academia. The description of ways in which these issues were solved could help to those who are going to propose their new LADM based country profiles