Mental Disorders in Megacities: Findings from the São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey, Brazil

Background: World population growth is projected to be concentrated in megacities, with increases in social inequality and urbanization-associated stress. São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA) provides a forewarning of the burden of mental disorders in urban settings in developing world. The aim of this study is to estimate prevalence, severity, and treatment of recently active DSM-IV mental disorders. We examined socio-demographic correlates, aspects of urban living such as internal migration, exposure to violence, and neighborhood-level social deprivation with 12-month mental disorders. Methods and Results: A representative cross-sectional household sample of 5,037 adults was interviewed face-to-face using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), to generate diagnoses of DSM-IV mental disorders within 12 months of interview, disorder severity, and treatment. Administrative data on neighborhood social deprivation were gathered. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate individual and contextual correlates of disorders, severity, and treatment. Around thirty percent of respondents reported a 12-month disorder, with an even distribution across severity levels. Anxiety disorders were the most common disorders (affecting 19.9%), followed by mood (11%), impulse-control (4.3%), and substance use (3.6%) disorders. Exposure to crime was associated with all four types of disorder. Migrants had low prevalence of all four types compared to stable residents. High urbanicity was associated with impulse-control disorders and high social deprivation with substance use disorders. Vulnerable subgroups were observed: women and migrant men living in most deprived areas. Only one-third of serious cases had received treatment in the previous year. Discussion: Adults living in São Paulo megacity had prevalence of mental disorders at greater levels than similar surveys conducted in other areas of the world. Integration of mental health promotion and care into the rapidly expanding Brazilian primary health system should be strengthened. This strategy might become a model for poorly resourced and highly populated developing countries

Prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults with very low levels of schooling, and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle: the Bambuí Health and Ageing Study (BHAS) Prevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva em uma comunidade brasileira de idosos com baixa escolaridade e sua associação com características sociodemográficos e estilos de vida: Projeto Saúde e Envelhecimento Bambuí

OBJECTIVE: Population-based studies on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in older adults living in less developed countries are scarce. The purpose of this paper was to estimate the prevalence of EDS and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: The study was carried out in Bambuí, a city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. EDS was defined as the presence of sleepiness in the last month occurring three or more times per week, with any interference in usual activities. The exploratory variables were: gender, age, skin color, marital status, schooling level, current employment status, religion, recent migration, smoking, binge drinking and physical activities during leisure time. RESULTS: Of 1,742 residents aged > 60 years, 1,514 (86.9%) participated. The prevalence of EDS was 13%. After adjustment for confounders, female gender and low schooling level remained positively and independently associated with EDS. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of EDS in the study population was within the range observed in studies carried out in developed countries. The most impressive finding was the association of EDS with schooling, indicating that even in a population with low levels of schooling, this was an important factor to explain the distribution of EDS.<br>OBJETIVO: Estudos populacionais sobre sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) em idosos conduzidos em países em desenvolvimento são escassos. A proposta do presente trabalho é estimar a prevalência de SDE e sua associação com características sociodemográficas e estilo de vida em idosos residentes em uma cidade brasileira. MÉTODOS: Este estudo foi conduzido na cidade de Bambuí, localizada no Estado de Minas Gerais. SDE foi definida como presença de sonolência no último mês ocorrendo pelo menos três vezes por semana, com prejuízo das atividades. As variáveis exploratórias foram sexo, idade, cor da pele, estado civil, escolaridade, ocupação, religião, migração recente, tabagismo, uso excessivo de álcool e prática de atividade física. RESULTADOS: Entre os 1.742 residentes com 60 anos ou mais, 1.514 (86,9%) participaram. A prevalência de SDE foi 13%. Após ajustamento por fatores de confusão, sexo feminino e menor escolaridade permaneceram positivamente associadas à SDE. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de SDE na população do estudo encontra-se dentro da faixa observada em estudos conduzidos em países desenvolvidos. Um achado relevante foi a associação de SDE com escolaridade, indicando que mesmo em uma população de menor nível de escolaridade, este é um fator importante na distribuição de SDE