6,936 research outputs found
Skewness and Kurtosis as Indicators of Non-Gaussianity in Galactic Foreground Maps
Observational cosmology is entering an era in which high precision will be
required in both measurement and data analysis. Accuracy, however, can only be
achieved with a thorough understanding of potential sources of contamination
from foreground effects. Our primary focus will be on non- Gaussian effects in
foregrounds. This issue will be crucial for coming experiments to determine
B-mode polarization. We propose a novel method for investigating a data set in
terms of skewness and kurtosis in locally defined regions that collectively
cover the entire sky. The method is demonstrated on two sky maps: (i) the SMICA
map of Cosmic Microwave Background fluctuations provided by the Planck
Collaboration and (ii) a version of the Haslam map at 408 MHz that describes
synchrotron radiation. We find that skewness and kurtosis can be evaluated in
combination to reveal local physical information. In the present case, we
demonstrate that the local properties of both maps are predominantly Gaussian.
This result was expected for the SMICA map; that it also applies for the Haslam
map is surprising. The approach described here has a generality and flexibility
that should make it useful in a variety of astrophysical and cosmological
contexts.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, minor change, as published in JCA
The Short- and Long-Term Career Effects of Graduating in a Recession: Hysteresis and Heterogeneity in the Market for College Graduates
The standard neo-classical model of wage setting predicts short-term effects of temporary labor market shocks on careers and low costs of recessions for both more and less advantaged workers. In contrast, a vast range of alternative career models based on frictions in the labor market suggests that labor market shocks can have persistent effects on the entire earnings profile. This paper analyzes the long-term effects of graduating in a recession on earnings, job mobility, and employer characteristics for a large sample of Canadian college graduates with different predicted earnings using matched university-employer-employee data from 1982 to 1999, and uses its results to assess the importance of alternative career models. We find that young graduates entering the labor market in a recession suffer significant initial earnings losses that eventually fade, but after 8 to 10 years. We also document substantial heterogeneity in the costs of recessions and important effects on job mobility and employer characteristics, but small effects on time worked. These adjustment patterns are neither consistent with a neo-classical spot market nor a complete scarring effect, but could be explained by a combination of time intensive search for better employers and long-term wage contracting. All results are robust to an extensive sensitivity analysis including controls for correlated business cycle shocks after labor market entry, endogenous timing of graduation, permanent cohort differences, and selective labor force participation.
Monotone cellular automata in a random environment
In this paper we study in complete generality the family of two-state,
deterministic, monotone, local, homogeneous cellular automata in
with random initial configurations. Formally, we are given a set
of finite subsets of
, and an initial set
of `infected' sites, which we take to be random
according to the product measure with density . At time ,
the set of infected sites is the union of and the set of all
such that for some . Our
model may alternatively be thought of as bootstrap percolation on
with arbitrary update rules, and for this reason we call it
-bootstrap percolation.
In two dimensions, we give a classification of -bootstrap
percolation models into three classes -- supercritical, critical and
subcritical -- and we prove results about the phase transitions of all models
belonging to the first two of these classes. More precisely, we show that the
critical probability for percolation on is for all models in the critical class, and that it is
for all models in the supercritical class.
The results in this paper are the first of any kind on bootstrap percolation
considered in this level of generality, and in particular they are the first
that make no assumptions of symmetry. It is the hope of the authors that this
work will initiate a new, unified theory of bootstrap percolation on
.Comment: 33 pages, 7 figure
The Short- and Long-Term Career Effects of Graduating in a Recession: Hysteresis and Heterogeneity in the Market for College Graduates
This paper analyzes the long-term effects of graduating in a recession on earnings, job mobility, and employer characteristics for a large sample of Canadian college graduates using matched university-employer-employee data from 1982 to 1999. The results are used to assess the role of job mobility and firm quality in the propagation of shocks for different groups in the labor market. We find that young graduates entering the labor market in a recession suffer significant initial earnings losses that, on average, eventually fade after 8 to 10 years. Labor market conditions at graduation affect firm quality and job mobility, which can account for 40-50% of losses and catch-up in our sample. We also document that higher skilled graduates suffer less from entry in a recession because they switch to better firms quickly. Lower skilled graduates are permanently affected by being down ranked to low-wage firms. These adjustment patterns are consistent with differential choices of intensity of search for better employers arising from comparative advantage and time-increasing search costs. All results are robust to an extensive sensitivity analysis including controls for correlated business cycle shocks after labor market entry, endogenous timing of graduation, permanent cohort differences, and selective labor force participation.job search, hysteresis, college graduates, cost of recessions
Budgetary Consolidation in EMU.
There is a general consensus that monetary stability in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) requires sustainable public finances of the member states. But how can a sufficient degree of budgetary discipline be maintained in Stage three of EMU?To answer this question, this study provides an empirical analysis of the budgetary consolidations in the EU member states by carrying out an analysis of: the importance of the quality of the budgetary adjustment for the success of the consolidations; the anatomy of fiscal adjustment processes in the EMU member states during the 1990s; the quality of the budgetary institutions of the member states and the changes in these institutions that have occurred during the 1990s; the macroeconomic aspects of fiscal consolidations. The results of the analysis support the proposition that, in order to maintain a high degree of sustainability in Stage three of EMU, attention might shift away from the numerical criteria regarding overall deficits and debts, and focus more on the quality of fiscal adjustments and of the institutions governing public finances in the member states.national budgets, emu, economic and monetary union, public finances
A (Bounded) Bestiary of Feynman Integral Calabi-Yau Geometries
We define the rigidity of a Feynman integral to be the smallest dimension
over which it is non-polylogarithmic. We argue that massless Feynman integrals
in four dimensions have a rigidity bounded by 2(L-1) at L loops, and we show
that this bound may be saturated for integrals that we call marginal: those
with (L+1)D/2 propagators in (even) D dimensions. We show that marginal Feynman
integrals in D dimensions generically involve Calabi-Yau geometries, and we
give examples of finite four-dimensional Feynman integrals in massless
theory that saturate our predicted bound in rigidity at all loop orders.Comment: 5+2 pages, 11 figures, infinite zoo of Calabi-Yau manifolds. v2
reflects minor changes made for publication. This version is authoritativ
Bootstrapping a Five-Loop Amplitude Using Steinmann Relations
The analytic structure of scattering amplitudes is restricted by Steinmann
relations, which enforce the vanishing of certain discontinuities of
discontinuities. We show that these relations dramatically simplify the
function space for the hexagon function bootstrap in planar maximally
supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. Armed with this simplification, along with
the constraints of dual conformal symmetry and Regge exponentiation, we obtain
the complete five-loop six-particle amplitude.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, 1 impressive table, and 2 ancillary files. v2: a
few clarifications and references added; version to appear in PR
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