72 research outputs found
The influence of mycotoxins on pig health and performance
Mikotoksini predstavljaju znaÄajan problem u hranidbi svinja. Sekundarni metaboliti plijesni su toksiÄne tvari koje negativno utjeÄu na zdravlje i proizvodnost životinja, te kakvoÄu njihovih proizvoda. Stvaranje mikotoksina je složen proces i teÅ”ko je predvidjeti koji Äe toksin biti proizveden i u kojoj koncentraciji. Hranu najÄeÅ”Äe oneÄiÅ”Äuju niske koncentracije razliÄitih mikotoksina (aflatoksini, ohratoksini, trihoteceni, fumonizini i zearalenon) koji uzrokuju cijeli niz nepoželjnih uÄinaka, ovisno o koliÄini koju životinja unese u organizam. Interakcije mikotoksina u organizmu su kompleksne, a mogu imati antagonistiÄki, sinergistiÄki ili zbrojeni uÄinak, ovisno o kombinaciji i razini u kojoj se pojave. Svinja je jedna od najosjetljivijih domaÄih životinja na djelovanje mikotoksina. Pri dugotrajnom konzumiranju oneÄiÅ”Äene hrane dolazi do pada proizvodnosti, pogorÅ”anja opÄeg zdravstvenog stanja i reproduktivnih poremeÄaja. Jedan od važnijih negativnih djelovanja kod svinja, koje dugotrajno uzimaju niske doze mikotoksina je imunosupresija. Mikotoksini predstavljaju vrlo stabilne spojeve koji dugo ostaju u sirovinama i životinjskim proizvodima, te predstavljaju velik rizik zbog moguÄeg prijenosa na ljude.Mycotoxins present a serious problem in swine nutrition. As secondary metabolites of moulds they are toxic substances that have a negative effect on health status and performance of animals and their products. Mycotoxin production is a complex process and it makes it difficult to predict which toxin will be produced and in what concentration. Feed is mostly contaminated by low concentrations of multiple mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, tricothecenes, fumonisins and zearalenone), which cause a variety of negative effects depending on the concentration taken in by an animal. Inside the organism, mycotoxin interactions are complex and can have antagonistic, synergistic and additive effect, depending on the combination and level of their inclusion. When it comes to mycotoxins swine is one of the most sensitive farm animals. Long-term consumption of contaminated food can lead to lower production results, health problems and reproductive disorders. Immunosupression in swine is one of more important negative effects resulting from long term low level mycotoxin intake. Mycotoxins are generally quite stable molecules and may remain in raw materials and animal products a considerable time presenting a great risk of possible transfer to humans
The influence of mycotoxins on ruminant health and performance
Hrana oneÄiÅ”Äena mikotoksinima predstavlja bitan problem za ljude i životinje. Mikotoksini su toksiÄni metaboliti plijesni koji naruÅ”avaju zdravlje ljudi i životinja te dovode do znatnih ekonomskih gubitaka. S tog aspekta najznaÄajniji su: aflatoksini, ohratoksin, trihoteceni, zearalenon, fumonisini, patulin, tremorgeni toksini i ergot alkaloidi. Neke plijesni mogu proizvoditi viÅ”e razliÄitih toksina, a neke mikotoksine može proizvesti od viÅ”e razliÄitih vrsta plijesni. Krmiva se mogu zaraziti veÄ na polju, tijekom žetve ili tijekom skladiÅ”tenja. Mikotoksini imaju razliÄite akutne ili kroniÄne uÄinke i to ovisno o vrsti i rezistenciji pojedine životinje. PreživaÄi su znatno otporniji na negativne uÄinke od monogastriÄnih životinja. Glavni razlog tome je razgradnja mikotoksina mikrobiotima buraga. Pri tome su protozoe bitnije u biodegradaciji nego bakterije. Ipak, pri dugotrajnoj konzumaciji hrane zaražene mikotoksinima i kod preživaÄa su moguÄi poremeÄaji u proizvodnji, reprodukciji i rastu. Posebno znaÄajan problem predstavlja moguÄnost prijenosa mikotoksina i njihovih metabolita na ljude, putem jestivih životinjskih proizvoda. NajÄeÅ”Äe istraživane vrste preživaÄa su: tovna i mlijeÄna goveda, ovce, koze i jeleni.Contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds that have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearelenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, and ergot alkaloids are the most important mycotoxins in animal production. Some molds are capable of producing more than one mycotoxin and some mycotoxins are produced by more than one fungal species. Mycotoxins could be synthesised before harvest, during harvest or during storage. Mycotoxins have acute and chronic effects on animals depending on species and susceptibility of an animal within a species. Ruminants are more resistant to the adverse effects of mycotoxins than the monogastric animals. The main reason for that is microbial degradation of mycotoxines. Protozoa are even more important in biodegradation than bacteria. However, production, reproduction, and growth can be altered when ruminants consume mycotoxin-contaminated feed for extended periods of time. Special problem is possible presence of mycotoxines and their metabolites in animal products. Beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, goats, and deer are among ruminants that have been investigated
CATTLE FEEDING AND LAMENESS
Uravnotežena hranidba goveda tijekom razliÄitih proizvodnih razdoblja, dobri uvjeti držanja, izbjegavanje stresa, preveniranje odreÄenih bolesti, hormonalni status i genetika Äimbenici su koji sudjeluju u etiologiji bolesti lokomotornog sustava. Kod visoko produktivnih krava nastoji se poveÄati unos energije, a to Äesto prati subkliniÄka acidoza koja smanjuje pH koncentraciju buragovog
sadržaja. UÄinci smanjenog pH na patogenezu buraga, jetre i gastrointestinalnog sustava naruÅ”avaju hemodinamiku i Äine predispoziciju za laminitis. Pojava akutne acidoze predstavlja kemodinamiÄke inzulte, koji su odgovorne za teÅ”ke ali kratke epizode laminitisa. Te epizode mogu pak dovesti do predispozicije rumena za hiperkeratozu, patogenu infiltraciju i apscese u jetri. Hormonalne promjene povezane s porodom i ostalim fazama laktacijskog ciklusa mogu utjecati na odreÄene fizioloÅ”ke promjene koje mogu biti predisponirajuÄi Äimbenik za poremeÄaje u funkciji lokomotornog sustava. Nepovoljni uvjeti držanja (tvrde povrÅ”ine, nedostatak ili slaba upotreba stelje, kratka ležiÅ”ta i sl.) ili prevelika tjelesna masa, mogu biti predispozicija za mehaniÄka oÅ”teÄenja strukture noge ili papka. Stres (psiholiÅ”ki, fiziÄki, nutritivni, uzrokovan bolesnim stanjima), bolesti (mastitis, metritis, zarazne bolesti, metaboliÄke bolesti) i genetika takoÄer su Äimbenici koji sudjeluju u etiologiji poremeÄaja funkcije lokomotornog sustava.Balanced feeding of cattle during various production periods, good keeping conditions, avoiding stress, prevention of certain diseases, hormonal status and genetics are factors participating in disease etiology of the locomotion system. In highly productive cows efforts are made to increase energy intake which is often followed by sub clinical acidosis diminishing pH on the pathogenesis of the rumen, liver and the gastrointestinal system impair the chemo-dynamics making predisposition for lameness. The occurrence of acute acidosis accounts for chemo-dynamic insult responsible for serious bad brief episodes of lameness. These episodes can result in predisposition of the rumen for hyperkeratosis, pathogenic infiltration and liver abscesses. Hormonal changes connected with birth and other phases of lactation cycle can influence certain physiological changes that can be a predisposing factor for disturbances in the function of the locomotion system. Unfavorable keeping conditions (hard surfaces, inadequate or poor bedding, short beds etc.) or oversized body weight can be a predisposition for mechanical impairment of leg or hoof structure. Stress (psychological, physical, nutritional, caused by diseases), diseases (mastitis, metritis, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases) and genetics also participate in the etiology of a disorder in the locomotion system functions
UÄINAK POVEÄANIH KOLIÄINA VITAMINA A U HRANI NA KOLIÄINU I KAKVOÄU TRBUÅ NE MASTI PILIÄA U TOVU
The research involved a total of 280 fattening chickens (Hybro) divided between two identical experiments (4 groups of 40, and 4 groups of 30 chickens), with the aim of investigating reproducibility of data. During the 42-day course of fattening the effect that increased levels of vitamin A in chicken feed had on the quantity and quality of abdominal fat was researched. Control groups of chickens were fed on commercial starter and finisher rations containing the standard level of vitamin A (12.500 and 10.000 i.u.). The three experimental groups of chickens were fed on starter and finisher rations containing the same nutritional values but with an increased level of vitamin A (25.000, 37.500, 50.000 i.u. in starter rations and 20.000, 30.000 and 40.000 i.u. in finisher rations). Measuring of abdominal fat in chickens conducted at the end of both experiments showed that increased levels of vitamin A in feed resulted in no significant increase (P<0.05) of fat share in overall body mass when compared with the control group of chickens. Results of quality control of abdominal fat (peroxide number and degree of acidity) also showed no significant difference (P<0.05) between control and test groups of chickens.Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 280 piliÄa tovnih hibrida (Hybro) u dva istovjetna pokusa (4 skupine po 40, 4 skupine po 30 pili_a) sa svrhom da se odredi reproducibilnost podataka. Tijekom 42 dana tova istražen je uÄinak poveÄanih koliÄina vitamina A u hrani na koliÄinu i kakvoÄu trbuÅ”ne
masti. Kontrolne skupine pili_a hranjene su komercijalnim starterom i finiÅ”erom koji je sadržavao standardnu koliÄinu vitamina A (12.500 i 10.000 IU). Tri pokusne skupine piliÄa hranjene su starterom i finiÅ”erom iste hranidbene vrijednosti ali uz poveÄanu koliÄinu vitamina A (25.000, 37.500, 50.000 IU u starteru i 20.000, 30.000 i 40.000 IU u finiÅ”eru). Mjerenje trbuÅ”ne masti pili_a na kraju oba pokusa pokazalo je da poveÄane koliÄine vitamina A u hrani znaÄajno ne poveÄavaju (P<0,05) udio masti u ukupnoj tjelesnoj masi, usporeÄeno s kontrolnom skupinom piliÄa. Rezultati odreÄivanja kakvoÄe trbuÅ”ne masti (peroksidni broj i stupanj kiselosti) takoÄer nisu ukazali na znaÄajnost razlika (P<0,05) izmeÄu kontrolnih i pokusnih skupina piliÄa
UÄINAK POVEÄANIH KOLIÄINA VITAMINA A U HRANI NA KOLIÄINU I KAKVOÄU TRBUÅ NE MASTI PILIÄA U TOVU
The research involved a total of 280 fattening chickens (Hybro) divided between two identical experiments (4 groups of 40, and 4 groups of 30 chickens), with the aim of investigating reproducibility of data. During the 42-day course of fattening the effect that increased levels of vitamin A in chicken feed had on the quantity and quality of abdominal fat was researched. Control groups of chickens were fed on commercial starter and finisher rations containing the standard level of vitamin A (12.500 and 10.000 i.u.). The three experimental groups of chickens were fed on starter and finisher rations containing the same nutritional values but with an increased level of vitamin A (25.000, 37.500, 50.000 i.u. in starter rations and 20.000, 30.000 and 40.000 i.u. in finisher rations). Measuring of abdominal fat in chickens conducted at the end of both experiments showed that increased levels of vitamin A in feed resulted in no significant increase (P<0.05) of fat share in overall body mass when compared with the control group of chickens. Results of quality control of abdominal fat (peroxide number and degree of acidity) also showed no significant difference (P<0.05) between control and test groups of chickens.Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 280 piliÄa tovnih hibrida (Hybro) u dva istovjetna pokusa (4 skupine po 40, 4 skupine po 30 pili_a) sa svrhom da se odredi reproducibilnost podataka. Tijekom 42 dana tova istražen je uÄinak poveÄanih koliÄina vitamina A u hrani na koliÄinu i kakvoÄu trbuÅ”ne
masti. Kontrolne skupine pili_a hranjene su komercijalnim starterom i finiÅ”erom koji je sadržavao standardnu koliÄinu vitamina A (12.500 i 10.000 IU). Tri pokusne skupine piliÄa hranjene su starterom i finiÅ”erom iste hranidbene vrijednosti ali uz poveÄanu koliÄinu vitamina A (25.000, 37.500, 50.000 IU u starteru i 20.000, 30.000 i 40.000 IU u finiÅ”eru). Mjerenje trbuÅ”ne masti pili_a na kraju oba pokusa pokazalo je da poveÄane koliÄine vitamina A u hrani znaÄajno ne poveÄavaju (P<0,05) udio masti u ukupnoj tjelesnoj masi, usporeÄeno s kontrolnom skupinom piliÄa. Rezultati odreÄivanja kakvoÄe trbuÅ”ne masti (peroksidni broj i stupanj kiselosti) takoÄer nisu ukazali na znaÄajnost razlika (P<0,05) izmeÄu kontrolnih i pokusnih skupina piliÄa
DOG AND CAT NUTRITION
Äovjek, pas i maÄka žive meÄusobno sve bliskije, Äesto u istom životnom prostoru. Taj suživot traži poznavanje i poÅ”tivanje fizioloÅ”kih osobitosti i hranidbenih potreba ljubimaca koje poneki vlasnici previÅ”e poistovjeÄuju s ljudima. Hrane ih za vrijeme doruÄka, ruÄka ili veÄere svojom hranom sa stola, zaÄinjenom, slanom, slatkom, neprimjerenom kuÄnom ljubimcu. Takvi zalogaji neuravnoteženog sastava hranjivih tvari tijekom vremena dovode do zdravstvenih poremeÄaja i bolesnih stanja. Vrstu i koliÄinu hrane treba prilagoditi potrebama za hranom koje ovise o vrsti ljubimca, mjestu i naÄinu njegovog držanja, vrsti i intenzitetu aktivnosti te fizioloÅ”kim razdobljima života kao Å”to su npr. rast, graviditet, laktacija ili rad. Valja uvažiti i fizioloÅ”ke razliÄitosti organizma pasa i maÄaka jer im se samo na taj naÄin može osigurati dug i kvalitetan život, na radost vlasnika ili držaoca.Man, dog and cat have become closer now often sharing their living space. This requires knowing and respecting physiological features and nutritional needs of pets that some owners identify with people. They feed them at breakfast, lunch or supper their own food, off the table, seasoned, salty, sweet, unsuitable for pets. Such bites of unbalanced nutritional composition with time cause health problems and illnesses. The type and amount of food must be adapted to the needs for food which depend on the type of pet, place and the way it is kept, the kind and intensity of activity and the physiological life period such as growth, pregnancy, lactation or labour. Physiological organism differences of dogs and cats should also be considerwed since only this can ensure their long, good quality life to the joy of their owner
WELFARE TO ANIMALS AND HUMANS - AT WHAT LEVEL ARE THEY IN CONFLICT?
Dobrobit prema životinjama temeljna je postavka uspjeÅ”ne proizvodnosti za potrebe ishrane ljudi. Stupanj na kojem se primjenjuje uÄestalo se sukobljava s gospodarskim interesom te je razliÄito podložan utjecajima neposredno povezanim sa životnim standardom u nekoj zemlji. Bogate zemlje zapada proizvode i troÅ”e znaÄajno viÅ”e animalnih proizvoda negoli je to potrebno, dok istodobno zemlje treÄeg svijeta Äesto ne zadovoljavaju niti temeljne potrebe za hranom. Posljedice su drastiÄne. Razvijene i bogate zemlje cijene visokog materijalnog standarda plaÄaju nizom bolesti od kojih su pretilost i dijabetes na prvom mjestu. SiromaÅ”ni umiru od gladi i neishranjenosti, njih 25.000 dnevno od Äega je 16.000 djece. Bogate zemlje, koje su veliku proizvodnost i visoki životni standard postigle organiziranim farmskim uzgojem životinja, sada ustraju na dobrobiti, nepromiÅ”ljeno i u mjeri u kojoj se proizvodnja, primjerice peradi, pretvara u osnovu moguÄeg zaražavanja ljudi nizom bolesti, a peradi vraÄaju mnoge bolesti koje su svojedobno iskorijenjene. Ujedinjeni narodi, za siromaÅ”ne zemlje jedini spas od daljnjeg izgladnjivana vide upravo u peradarstvu, onom intenzivnom, Å”to se temelji na farmskom uzgoju koji ne poÅ”tuje u cijelosti danas i jedino za bogate zemlje propisane standarde dobrobiti prema životinjama. Ostaje otvoreno pitanje koliko se perad osjeÄa bolje u prostoru kojeg joj ljudi nude kao bolji te koliko najveÄi stupanj dobrobiti, slobodni uzgoj, pogoduje peradi. SudeÄi prema rezultatima nekih istraživanja, u zatvorenom prostoru peradnjaka, s osiguranom mikroklimom, kvalitetnom hranom i zaÅ”titom od zaraza, perad je izložena manjem stresu negoli u otvorenom prostoru, bojeÄi se predatora, te podložna bolestima od kojih neke ugrožavaju i zdravlje ljudi.Welfare to animals is the basic principle of successful productivity for feeding people. The level at which it is applied is frequently in conflict with the economic interests depending on influences dorectly connected with the living standard in some country. Rich countries in the west produce and consume significantly more animal products than they need while at the same time in the third world countries the basic needs are often not satisfied. The consequencies are drastic. Developed and rich countries pay for the high material standard with a series of diseases, in the first place obesity and diabetes. The poor die of hunger and undernourishment, 25000 of them daily, of which 16000 are children. Rich countries which have achieved high productivity and living standard by organized farm animal breeding now insist on welfare, rashly and to such a degree that the production of e.g. poultry is turning into a breeding ground for possible infections of people by a series of diseases and returning to the poultry the diseases once rooted out. The UN see the way to save the poor countries from further starvation in intensive farm poultry breeding which does not fully respect today only for the rich countries prescribed standards of welfare to animals. The open question remains how much better the poultry feel in the space people offer them as a better one and how much is the highest level of welfare, the free range breeding, more favourable. Judging from the results of some research on closed cages of a poultry house provided with microclimate, good quality feed and protection from infections the poultry are exposed to less stress than in an open space where they fear predators and are subjected to diseases some of which are also a threat to the health of humans
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