The influence of mycotoxins on pig health and performance

Mikotoksini predstavljaju značajan problem u hranidbi svinja. Sekundarni metaboliti plijesni su toksične tvari koje negativno utječu na zdravlje i proizvodnost životinja, te kakvoću njihovih proizvoda. Stvaranje mikotoksina je složen proces i teško je predvidjeti koji će toksin biti proizveden i u kojoj koncentraciji. Hranu najčešće onečišćuju niske koncentracije različitih mikotoksina (aflatoksini, ohratoksini, trihoteceni, fumonizini i zearalenon) koji uzrokuju cijeli niz nepoželjnih učinaka, ovisno o količini koju životinja unese u organizam. Interakcije mikotoksina u organizmu su kompleksne, a mogu imati antagonistički, sinergistički ili zbrojeni učinak, ovisno o kombinaciji i razini u kojoj se pojave. Svinja je jedna od najosjetljivijih domaćih životinja na djelovanje mikotoksina. Pri dugotrajnom konzumiranju onečišćene hrane dolazi do pada proizvodnosti, pogoršanja općeg zdravstvenog stanja i reproduktivnih poremećaja. Jedan od važnijih negativnih djelovanja kod svinja, koje dugotrajno uzimaju niske doze mikotoksina je imunosupresija. Mikotoksini predstavljaju vrlo stabilne spojeve koji dugo ostaju u sirovinama i životinjskim proizvodima, te predstavljaju velik rizik zbog mogućeg prijenosa na ljude.Mycotoxins present a serious problem in swine nutrition. As secondary metabolites of moulds they are toxic substances that have a negative effect on health status and performance of animals and their products. Mycotoxin production is a complex process and it makes it difficult to predict which toxin will be produced and in what concentration. Feed is mostly contaminated by low concentrations of multiple mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, tricothecenes, fumonisins and zearalenone), which cause a variety of negative effects depending on the concentration taken in by an animal. Inside the organism, mycotoxin interactions are complex and can have antagonistic, synergistic and additive effect, depending on the combination and level of their inclusion. When it comes to mycotoxins swine is one of the most sensitive farm animals. Long-term consumption of contaminated food can lead to lower production results, health problems and reproductive disorders. Immunosupression in swine is one of more important negative effects resulting from long term low level mycotoxin intake. Mycotoxins are generally quite stable molecules and may remain in raw materials and animal products a considerable time presenting a great risk of possible transfer to humans

The influence of mycotoxins on ruminant health and performance

Hrana onečišćena mikotoksinima predstavlja bitan problem za ljude i životinje. Mikotoksini su toksični metaboliti plijesni koji narušavaju zdravlje ljudi i životinja te dovode do znatnih ekonomskih gubitaka. S tog aspekta najznačajniji su: aflatoksini, ohratoksin, trihoteceni, zearalenon, fumonisini, patulin, tremorgeni toksini i ergot alkaloidi. Neke plijesni mogu proizvoditi više različitih toksina, a neke mikotoksine može proizvesti od više različitih vrsta plijesni. Krmiva se mogu zaraziti već na polju, tijekom žetve ili tijekom skladištenja. Mikotoksini imaju različite akutne ili kronične učinke i to ovisno o vrsti i rezistenciji pojedine životinje. Preživači su znatno otporniji na negativne učinke od monogastričnih životinja. Glavni razlog tome je razgradnja mikotoksina mikrobiotima buraga. Pri tome su protozoe bitnije u biodegradaciji nego bakterije. Ipak, pri dugotrajnoj konzumaciji hrane zaražene mikotoksinima i kod preživača su mogući poremećaji u proizvodnji, reprodukciji i rastu. Posebno značajan problem predstavlja mogućnost prijenosa mikotoksina i njihovih metabolita na ljude, putem jestivih životinjskih proizvoda. Najčešće istraživane vrste preživača su: tovna i mliječna goveda, ovce, koze i jeleni.Contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds that have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearelenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, and ergot alkaloids are the most important mycotoxins in animal production. Some molds are capable of producing more than one mycotoxin and some mycotoxins are produced by more than one fungal species. Mycotoxins could be synthesised before harvest, during harvest or during storage. Mycotoxins have acute and chronic effects on animals depending on species and susceptibility of an animal within a species. Ruminants are more resistant to the adverse effects of mycotoxins than the monogastric animals. The main reason for that is microbial degradation of mycotoxines. Protozoa are even more important in biodegradation than bacteria. However, production, reproduction, and growth can be altered when ruminants consume mycotoxin-contaminated feed for extended periods of time. Special problem is possible presence of mycotoxines and their metabolites in animal products. Beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, goats, and deer are among ruminants that have been investigated

CATTLE FEEDING AND LAMENESS

Uravnotežena hranidba goveda tijekom različitih proizvodnih razdoblja, dobri uvjeti držanja, izbjegavanje stresa, preveniranje određenih bolesti, hormonalni status i genetika čimbenici su koji sudjeluju u etiologiji bolesti lokomotornog sustava. Kod visoko produktivnih krava nastoji se povećati unos energije, a to često prati subklinička acidoza koja smanjuje pH koncentraciju buragovog sadržaja. Učinci smanjenog pH na patogenezu buraga, jetre i gastrointestinalnog sustava narušavaju hemodinamiku i čine predispoziciju za laminitis. Pojava akutne acidoze predstavlja kemodinamičke inzulte, koji su odgovorne za teške ali kratke epizode laminitisa. Te epizode mogu pak dovesti do predispozicije rumena za hiperkeratozu, patogenu infiltraciju i apscese u jetri. Hormonalne promjene povezane s porodom i ostalim fazama laktacijskog ciklusa mogu utjecati na određene fiziološke promjene koje mogu biti predisponirajući čimbenik za poremećaje u funkciji lokomotornog sustava. Nepovoljni uvjeti držanja (tvrde površine, nedostatak ili slaba upotreba stelje, kratka ležišta i sl.) ili prevelika tjelesna masa, mogu biti predispozicija za mehanička oštećenja strukture noge ili papka. Stres (psiholiški, fizički, nutritivni, uzrokovan bolesnim stanjima), bolesti (mastitis, metritis, zarazne bolesti, metaboličke bolesti) i genetika također su čimbenici koji sudjeluju u etiologiji poremećaja funkcije lokomotornog sustava.Balanced feeding of cattle during various production periods, good keeping conditions, avoiding stress, prevention of certain diseases, hormonal status and genetics are factors participating in disease etiology of the locomotion system. In highly productive cows efforts are made to increase energy intake which is often followed by sub clinical acidosis diminishing pH on the pathogenesis of the rumen, liver and the gastrointestinal system impair the chemo-dynamics making predisposition for lameness. The occurrence of acute acidosis accounts for chemo-dynamic insult responsible for serious bad brief episodes of lameness. These episodes can result in predisposition of the rumen for hyperkeratosis, pathogenic infiltration and liver abscesses. Hormonal changes connected with birth and other phases of lactation cycle can influence certain physiological changes that can be a predisposing factor for disturbances in the function of the locomotion system. Unfavorable keeping conditions (hard surfaces, inadequate or poor bedding, short beds etc.) or oversized body weight can be a predisposition for mechanical impairment of leg or hoof structure. Stress (psychological, physical, nutritional, caused by diseases), diseases (mastitis, metritis, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases) and genetics also participate in the etiology of a disorder in the locomotion system functions

UČINAK POVEĆANIH KOLIČINA VITAMINA A U HRANI NA KOLIČINU I KAKVOĆU TRBUŠNE MASTI PILIĆA U TOVU

The research involved a total of 280 fattening chickens (Hybro) divided between two identical experiments (4 groups of 40, and 4 groups of 30 chickens), with the aim of investigating reproducibility of data. During the 42-day course of fattening the effect that increased levels of vitamin A in chicken feed had on the quantity and quality of abdominal fat was researched. Control groups of chickens were fed on commercial starter and finisher rations containing the standard level of vitamin A (12.500 and 10.000 i.u.). The three experimental groups of chickens were fed on starter and finisher rations containing the same nutritional values but with an increased level of vitamin A (25.000, 37.500, 50.000 i.u. in starter rations and 20.000, 30.000 and 40.000 i.u. in finisher rations). Measuring of abdominal fat in chickens conducted at the end of both experiments showed that increased levels of vitamin A in feed resulted in no significant increase (P<0.05) of fat share in overall body mass when compared with the control group of chickens. Results of quality control of abdominal fat (peroxide number and degree of acidity) also showed no significant difference (P<0.05) between control and test groups of chickens.Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 280 pilića tovnih hibrida (Hybro) u dva istovjetna pokusa (4 skupine po 40, 4 skupine po 30 pili_a) sa svrhom da se odredi reproducibilnost podataka. Tijekom 42 dana tova istražen je učinak povećanih količina vitamina A u hrani na količinu i kakvoću trbušne masti. Kontrolne skupine pili_a hranjene su komercijalnim starterom i finišerom koji je sadržavao standardnu količinu vitamina A (12.500 i 10.000 IU). Tri pokusne skupine pilića hranjene su starterom i finišerom iste hranidbene vrijednosti ali uz povećanu količinu vitamina A (25.000, 37.500, 50.000 IU u starteru i 20.000, 30.000 i 40.000 IU u finišeru). Mjerenje trbušne masti pili_a na kraju oba pokusa pokazalo je da povećane količine vitamina A u hrani značajno ne povećavaju (P<0,05) udio masti u ukupnoj tjelesnoj masi, uspoređeno s kontrolnom skupinom pilića. Rezultati određivanja kakvoće trbušne masti (peroksidni broj i stupanj kiselosti) također nisu ukazali na značajnost razlika (P<0,05) između kontrolnih i pokusnih skupina pilića

UČINAK POVEĆANIH KOLIČINA VITAMINA A U HRANI NA KOLIČINU I KAKVOĆU TRBUŠNE MASTI PILIĆA U TOVU

The research involved a total of 280 fattening chickens (Hybro) divided between two identical experiments (4 groups of 40, and 4 groups of 30 chickens), with the aim of investigating reproducibility of data. During the 42-day course of fattening the effect that increased levels of vitamin A in chicken feed had on the quantity and quality of abdominal fat was researched. Control groups of chickens were fed on commercial starter and finisher rations containing the standard level of vitamin A (12.500 and 10.000 i.u.). The three experimental groups of chickens were fed on starter and finisher rations containing the same nutritional values but with an increased level of vitamin A (25.000, 37.500, 50.000 i.u. in starter rations and 20.000, 30.000 and 40.000 i.u. in finisher rations). Measuring of abdominal fat in chickens conducted at the end of both experiments showed that increased levels of vitamin A in feed resulted in no significant increase (P<0.05) of fat share in overall body mass when compared with the control group of chickens. Results of quality control of abdominal fat (peroxide number and degree of acidity) also showed no significant difference (P<0.05) between control and test groups of chickens.Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 280 pilića tovnih hibrida (Hybro) u dva istovjetna pokusa (4 skupine po 40, 4 skupine po 30 pili_a) sa svrhom da se odredi reproducibilnost podataka. Tijekom 42 dana tova istražen je učinak povećanih količina vitamina A u hrani na količinu i kakvoću trbušne masti. Kontrolne skupine pili_a hranjene su komercijalnim starterom i finišerom koji je sadržavao standardnu količinu vitamina A (12.500 i 10.000 IU). Tri pokusne skupine pilića hranjene su starterom i finišerom iste hranidbene vrijednosti ali uz povećanu količinu vitamina A (25.000, 37.500, 50.000 IU u starteru i 20.000, 30.000 i 40.000 IU u finišeru). Mjerenje trbušne masti pili_a na kraju oba pokusa pokazalo je da povećane količine vitamina A u hrani značajno ne povećavaju (P<0,05) udio masti u ukupnoj tjelesnoj masi, uspoređeno s kontrolnom skupinom pilića. Rezultati određivanja kakvoće trbušne masti (peroksidni broj i stupanj kiselosti) također nisu ukazali na značajnost razlika (P<0,05) između kontrolnih i pokusnih skupina pilića

DOG AND CAT NUTRITION

Čovjek, pas i mačka žive međusobno sve bliskije, često u istom životnom prostoru. Taj suživot traži poznavanje i poštivanje fizioloških osobitosti i hranidbenih potreba ljubimaca koje poneki vlasnici previše poistovjećuju s ljudima. Hrane ih za vrijeme doručka, ručka ili večere svojom hranom sa stola, začinjenom, slanom, slatkom, neprimjerenom kućnom ljubimcu. Takvi zalogaji neuravnoteženog sastava hranjivih tvari tijekom vremena dovode do zdravstvenih poremećaja i bolesnih stanja. Vrstu i količinu hrane treba prilagoditi potrebama za hranom koje ovise o vrsti ljubimca, mjestu i načinu njegovog držanja, vrsti i intenzitetu aktivnosti te fiziološkim razdobljima života kao što su npr. rast, graviditet, laktacija ili rad. Valja uvažiti i fiziološke različitosti organizma pasa i mačaka jer im se samo na taj način može osigurati dug i kvalitetan život, na radost vlasnika ili držaoca.Man, dog and cat have become closer now often sharing their living space. This requires knowing and respecting physiological features and nutritional needs of pets that some owners identify with people. They feed them at breakfast, lunch or supper their own food, off the table, seasoned, salty, sweet, unsuitable for pets. Such bites of unbalanced nutritional composition with time cause health problems and illnesses. The type and amount of food must be adapted to the needs for food which depend on the type of pet, place and the way it is kept, the kind and intensity of activity and the physiological life period such as growth, pregnancy, lactation or labour. Physiological organism differences of dogs and cats should also be considerwed since only this can ensure their long, good quality life to the joy of their owner

WELFARE TO ANIMALS AND HUMANS - AT WHAT LEVEL ARE THEY IN CONFLICT?

Dobrobit prema životinjama temeljna je postavka uspješne proizvodnosti za potrebe ishrane ljudi. Stupanj na kojem se primjenjuje učestalo se sukobljava s gospodarskim interesom te je različito podložan utjecajima neposredno povezanim sa životnim standardom u nekoj zemlji. Bogate zemlje zapada proizvode i troše značajno više animalnih proizvoda negoli je to potrebno, dok istodobno zemlje trećeg svijeta često ne zadovoljavaju niti temeljne potrebe za hranom. Posljedice su drastične. Razvijene i bogate zemlje cijene visokog materijalnog standarda plaćaju nizom bolesti od kojih su pretilost i dijabetes na prvom mjestu. Siromašni umiru od gladi i neishranjenosti, njih 25.000 dnevno od čega je 16.000 djece. Bogate zemlje, koje su veliku proizvodnost i visoki životni standard postigle organiziranim farmskim uzgojem životinja, sada ustraju na dobrobiti, nepromišljeno i u mjeri u kojoj se proizvodnja, primjerice peradi, pretvara u osnovu mogućeg zaražavanja ljudi nizom bolesti, a peradi vraćaju mnoge bolesti koje su svojedobno iskorijenjene. Ujedinjeni narodi, za siromašne zemlje jedini spas od daljnjeg izgladnjivana vide upravo u peradarstvu, onom intenzivnom, što se temelji na farmskom uzgoju koji ne poštuje u cijelosti danas i jedino za bogate zemlje propisane standarde dobrobiti prema životinjama. Ostaje otvoreno pitanje koliko se perad osjeća bolje u prostoru kojeg joj ljudi nude kao bolji te koliko najveći stupanj dobrobiti, slobodni uzgoj, pogoduje peradi. Sudeći prema rezultatima nekih istraživanja, u zatvorenom prostoru peradnjaka, s osiguranom mikroklimom, kvalitetnom hranom i zaštitom od zaraza, perad je izložena manjem stresu negoli u otvorenom prostoru, bojeći se predatora, te podložna bolestima od kojih neke ugrožavaju i zdravlje ljudi.Welfare to animals is the basic principle of successful productivity for feeding people. The level at which it is applied is frequently in conflict with the economic interests depending on influences dorectly connected with the living standard in some country. Rich countries in the west produce and consume significantly more animal products than they need while at the same time in the third world countries the basic needs are often not satisfied. The consequencies are drastic. Developed and rich countries pay for the high material standard with a series of diseases, in the first place obesity and diabetes. The poor die of hunger and undernourishment, 25000 of them daily, of which 16000 are children. Rich countries which have achieved high productivity and living standard by organized farm animal breeding now insist on welfare, rashly and to such a degree that the production of e.g. poultry is turning into a breeding ground for possible infections of people by a series of diseases and returning to the poultry the diseases once rooted out. The UN see the way to save the poor countries from further starvation in intensive farm poultry breeding which does not fully respect today only for the rich countries prescribed standards of welfare to animals. The open question remains how much better the poultry feel in the space people offer them as a better one and how much is the highest level of welfare, the free range breeding, more favourable. Judging from the results of some research on closed cages of a poultry house provided with microclimate, good quality feed and protection from infections the poultry are exposed to less stress than in an open space where they fear predators and are subjected to diseases some of which are also a threat to the health of humans