Socio-spatial differentiation and public accessibility of urban spaces in the post-transformational city: case study Saint-Petersburg

In present-day Saint-Petersburg socio-spatial differentiation can be observed in various morphological post-transformational urban zones, but has not yet led to full-fledged special polarization or segregation. At the same time, the extent of socio-spatial differentiation varies in morphologically different urban housing types and can only be understood on the basis of the historical context and residents’ preferences. In order to understand their impact on socio-spatial differentiation of various urban areas more concretely, two studies were conduc- ted (one in 2007, another in 2009) with the participation of the authors of the present contribution. The results of these studies, which are based on two different samples of model zones or building types in Saint-Petersburg, showed that residents’ preferences were driving socio-spatial differentiation or segregation both on a microscopic (for example, closed staircases in an open court with otherwise open staircases) and macroscopic scale (for example, closed suburban settlements or new high-rise buildings). The degree to which this segregation is spatially implemented depends on the income levels of residents and, of course, strongly correlates with real estate prices. No other significant drivers of socio-spatial differentiation or segregation have been identified, besides a desire by wealthier city residents to increase the security of person and property. No other significant drivers of such tendencies have been identified. For example, no mentionable correlation between the degree of commercial activity and the proportion of closed vs. publicly accessible spaces was discovered. Further research is proposed in order to better understand the impact of recent legislation on socio-spatial differentiation in Saint-Petersburg.Im heutigen Sankt Petersburg kann die sozialräumliche Differenzierung in verschiedenen morphologischen posttransformativen städtischen Zonen beobachtet werden, was bisher jedoch nicht zu einer vollständigen speziellen Polarisierung oder Segregation geführt hat. Gleichzeitig unterscheidet sich das Ausmaß der sozialräumlichen Differenzierung in morphologisch unterschiedlichen urbanen Wohnformen und kann nur im historischen Kontext und auf der Grundlage der Präferenzen der Anwohner verstanden werden. Um ihren Einfluss auf die sozialräumliche Differenzierung verschiedener urbaner Gebiete besser verstehen zu können, wurden zwei Studien unter der Mitarbeit der Autoren des vorliegenden Beitrags durchgeführt (die eine 2007, die andere 2009). Das Ergebnis dieser Studien, welche sich auf zwei unterschiedliche Beispiele von Mustergebieten bzw. -gebäudetypen in Sankt Petersburg stützen, zeigt, dass die Antriebskraft für eine sozialräumliche Differenzierung oder Segregation im Mikrokontext einerseits (z.B. geschlossenes Treppenhaus in einem offenen Hof, der sonst offene Treppen hat) und im Makrokontext andererseits (z.B. ein abgeschlossenes urbanes Wohnviertel oder neue Hochhäuser) die Präferenzen der Anwohner waren. Der Grad, in dem diese Segregation räumlich umgesetzt wird, hängt von den Einkommensverhältnissen der Anwohner ab und steht selbstverständlich in engem Zusammenhang mit den Immobilienpreisen. Außer dem Wunsch wohlhabenderer Stadtbewohner, die persönliche Sicherheit und die Sicherheit ihres Eigentums besser zu gewährleisten, konnten keine weiteren nennenswerten Antriebskräfte sozialräumlicher Differenzierung oder Segregation ausfindig gemacht werden. So konnte beispielsweise kein nennenswerter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Grad der Geschäftstätigkeit und dem Verhältnis zwischen abgeschlossenen und öffentlich zugänglichen Räumen ausgemacht werden. Für ein besseres Verständnis der Auswirkungen neuester gesetzgeberischer Vorschriften auf sozialräumliche Differenzierung in Sankt Petersburg werden weitere Untersuchungen diesbezüglich vorgeschlagen

THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE TENDENCY TO DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN STUDENTS

Currently, there is an increase in the deviant behavior of students in Russia. Numerous studies are aimed at studying the causes of deviations of adolescents and young men. This is due to the urgency of identifying certain personality characteristics of students with deviant behavior. Purpose: to study the relationship between the tendency to deviant behavior and certain personality traits of adolescent and adolescent students. Methods. The methodology of “Determining the tendency to deviant behavior” by A. N. Orel, 16-factor personality questionnaire by R. B. Cattell, the methodology of “Diagnostics of the real structure of value orientations of personality”, author S. S. Bubnov. Statistical methods of processing the results of empirical research in the STATISTICA program were used. Results. We have revealed the relationship of high indicators on the scale of the attitude to socially desirable responses according to the method of “Determining the propensity for deviant behavior” by A. N. Orel with the peculiarities of the verbal intelligence of the respondents. The tendency to overcome norms and rules has a connection with nonconformism, a tendency to addictive behavior, weak volitional control of emotional reactions and a tendency to delinquent behavior are associated with verbal intelligence. The tendency to self-harming and self-destructive behavior, as well as the tendency to aggression and violence are interrelated with such a personality trait as radicalism. Conclusion. The conducted research proves the relationship of the tendency to deviant behavior of students with certain traits of their personality. Practical implications. The results allow us to evaluate some personality traits of students with deviant behavior and provide opportunities for developing approaches to their psychological and pedagogical support

HSV-1 Remodels Host Telomeres to Facilitate Viral Replication

SummaryTelomeres protect the ends of cellular chromosomes. We show here that infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) results in chromosomal structural aberrations at telomeres and the accumulation of telomere dysfunction-induced DNA damage foci (TIFs). At the molecular level, HSV-1 induces transcription of telomere repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), followed by the proteolytic degradation of the telomere protein TPP1 and loss of the telomere repeat DNA signal. The HSV-1-encoded E3 ubiquitin ligase ICP0 is required for TERRA transcription and facilitates TPP1 degradation. Small hairpin RNA (shRNA) depletion of TPP1 increases viral replication, indicating that TPP1 inhibits viral replication. Viral replication protein ICP8 forms foci that coincide with telomeric proteins, and ICP8-null virus failed to degrade telomere DNA signal. These findings suggest that HSV-1 reorganizes telomeres to form ICP8-associated prereplication foci and to promote viral genomic replication

Globally consistent climate sensitivity of natural disturbances across boreal and temperate forest ecosystems

Disturbance regimes are changing in forests across the world in response to global climate change. Despite the profound impacts of disturbances on ecosystem services and biodiversity, assessments of disturbances at the global scale remain scarce. Here, we analyzed natural disturbances in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems for the period 2001-2014, aiming to 1) quantify their within- and between-biome variation and 2) compare the climate sensitivity of disturbances across biomes. We studied 103 unmanaged forest landscapes with a total land area of 28.2 x 10(6) ha, distributed across five continents. A consistent and comprehensive quantification of disturbances was derived by combining satellite-based disturbance maps with local expert knowledge of disturbance agents. We used Gaussian finite mixture models to identify clusters of landscapes with similar disturbance activity as indicated by the percent forest area disturbed as well as the size, edge density and perimeter-area-ratio of disturbed patches. The climate sensitivity of disturbances was analyzed using Bayesian generalized linear mixed effect models and a globally consistent climate dataset. Within-biome variation in natural disturbances was high in both boreal and temperate biomes, and disturbance patterns did not vary systematically with latitude or biome. The emergent clusters of disturbance activity in the boreal zone were similar to those in the temperate zone, but boreal landscapes were more likely to experience high disturbance activity than their temperate counterparts. Across both biomes high disturbance activity was particularly associated with wildfire, and was consistently linked to years with warmer and drier than average conditions. Natural disturbances are a key driver of variability in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems, with high similarity in the disturbance patterns between both biomes. The universally high climate sensitivity of disturbances across boreal and temperate ecosystems indicates that future climate change could substantially increase disturbance activity.Peer reviewe

The Forest Observation System, building a global reference dataset for remote sensing of forest biomass

International audienceForest biomass is an essential indicator for monitoring the Earth's ecosystems and climate. It is a critical input to greenhouse gas accounting, estimation of carbon losses and forest degradation, assessment of renewable energy potential, and for developing climate change mitigation policies such as REDD+, among others. Wall-to-wall mapping of aboveground biomass (aGB) is now possible with satellite remote sensing (RS). However, RS methods require extant, up-to-date, reliable, representative and comparable in situ data for calibration and validation. Here, we present the Forest Observation System (FOS) initiative, an international cooperation to establish and maintain a global in situ forest biomass database. aGB and canopy height estimates with their associated uncertainties are derived at a 0.25 ha scale from field measurements made in permanent research plots across the world's forests. all plot estimates are geolocated and have a size that allows for direct comparison with many RS measurements. The FOS offers the potential to improve the accuracy of RS-based biomass products while developing new synergies between the RS and ground-based ecosystem research communities

Seasonal and inter-seasonal RSV activity in the European Region during the COVID-19 pandemic from autumn 2020 to summer 2022

© 2023 The Authors. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Background: The emergence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in early 2020 and subsequent implementation of public health and social measures (PHSM) disrupted the epidemiology of respiratory viruses. This work describes the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) observed during two winter seasons (weeks 40–20) and inter-seasonal periods (weeks 21–39) during the pandemic between October 2020 and September 2022. Methods: Using data submitted to The European Surveillance System (TESSy) by countries or territories in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region between weeks 40/2020 and 39/2022, we aggregated country-specific weekly RSV counts of sentinel, non-sentinel and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) surveillance specimens and calculated percentage positivity. Results for both 2020/21 and 2021/22 seasons and inter-seasons were compared with pre-pandemic 2016/17 to 2019/20 seasons and inter-seasons. Results: Although more specimens were tested than in pre-COVID-19 pandemic seasons, very few RSV detections were reported during the 2020/21 season in all surveillance systems. During the 2021 inter-season, a gradual increase in detections was observed in all systems. In 2021/22, all systems saw early peaks of RSV infection, and during the 2022 inter-seasonal period, patterns of detections were closer to those seen before the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: RSV surveillance continued throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, with an initial reduction in transmission, followed by very high and out-of-season RSV circulation (summer 2021) and then an early start of the 2021/22 season. As of the 2022/23 season, RSV circulation had not yet normalised.Peer reviewe